essays-1-第61部分

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nd　throwing　a　thick　blanket；　or　a　warm　covering　over　the　cover　of　the　boiler；　the　whole　be　kept　hot　till　the　next　morning。　This　heat　so　long　continued；　acts　very　powerfully　on　the　barley；　and　causes　it　to　thicken　the　water　in　a　very　surprising　manner。　Perhaps　the　oat…meal　used　for　making　water　gruel　might　be　improved　in　its　effects　by　the　same　means。　　The　experiment　is　certainly　worth　trying。

＇9＇　This　invention　of　double　bottoms　might　be　used　with　great　success　by　distillers；　to　prevent　their　liquor；　when　it　is　thick；　from　burning　to　the　bottoms　of　their　stills。　　But　there　is　another　hint；　which　I　have　long　wished　to　give　distillers；　from　which；　I　am　persuaded；　they　might　derive　very　essential　advantages。It　is　to　recommend　to　them　to　make　up　warm　clothing　of　thick　blanketing　for　covering　up　their　still…heads；　and　defending　them　from　the　cold　air　of　the　atmosphere；　and　for　covering　in　the　same　manner　all　that　part　of　the　copper　or　boiler　which　rises　above　the　brick…work　in　which　it　is　fixed。　The　great　quantity　of　heat　is　constantly　given　off　to　the　cold　air　of　the　atmosphere　in　contact　with　it　by　this　naked　copper；　not　only　occasions　a　very　great　loss　of　heat；　and　of　fuel；　but　tends　likewise　very　much　to　EMBARRASS　and　to　PROLONG　the　process　of　distillation；　for　all　the　heat　communicated　by　the　naked　still…head　to　the　atmosphere　is　taken　from　the　spirituous　vapour　which　rises　from　the　liquor　in　the　still；　and　as　this　vapour　cannot　fail　to　be　condensed　into　spirits　whenever　and　WHEREVER　it　loses　ANY　PART　of　its　heat；　as　the　spirits　generated　in　the　still…head　in　consequence　of　this　communication　of　heat　to　the　atmosphere　do　not　find　their　way　into　the　worm；　but　trickle　down　and　mix　again　with　the　liquor　in　the　still；the　bad　effects　of　leaving　the　still…head　exposed　naked　to　the　cold　air　is　quite　evident。　　The　remedy　for　this　evil　is　as　cheap　and　as　effectual；　as　it　is　simple　and　obvious。

＇10＇　The　Bavarian　pound　（equal　to　1。238；　or　near　one　pound　and　a　quarter　Avoirdupois；）　is　divided　into　32　loths。

＇11＇　For　each　100　lb。　Bavarian　weight；　（equal　to　123。84　lb。　Avoirdupois；）　of　rye…meal；　which　the　baker　receives　from　the　magazine；　he　is　obliged　to　deliver　sixty…four　loaves　of　bread；　each　loaf　weighing　2　lb。　5　1/2　loths；　equal　to　2　lb。　10　oz。　Avoirdupois；and　as　each　loaf　is　divided　into　six　portions；　this　gives　seven　ounces　Avoirdupois　for　each　portion。　　Hence　it　appears　that　100　lb。　of　rye…meal　give　149　lb。　of　bread；　for　sixty…four　loaves；　at　2　lb。　5　1/2　loths　each；　weigh　149　lb。　When　this　bread　is　reckoned　at　two　creutzers　a　Bavarian　pound；　（which　is　about　what　it　costs　at　a　medium；）　one　portion　costs　just　10/16　of　a　creutzer；　or　120/528　of　a　penny　sterling；　which　is　something　less　than　one　farthing。

＇12＇　This　allowance　is　evidently　much　too　large；　but　I　was　willing　to　show　what　the　expence　of　feed　the　Poor　would　be　at　THE　HIGHEST　CALCULATION。　I　have　estimated　the　7　ounces　of　rye…bread；　mentioned　above；　at　what　it　ought　to　cost　when　rye　is　7s。　6d。　the　bushel；　its　present　price　in　London。

＇13＇　Farther　inquiries　which　have　since　been　made；　have　proved　that　these　suspicions　were　not　without　foundation。

＇14＇　Since　writing　the　above；　I　have　had　an　opportunity　of　ascertaining；　in　the　most　decisive　and　satisfactory　manner；　the　facts　relative　to　the　weight　of　Indian　Corn　of　the　growth　of　the　northern　states　of　America。　　A　friend　of　mine；　an　American　gentleman；　resident　in　London；　（George　Erving；　Esq。　of　Great　George　street；　Hanover…square；）　who；　in　common　with　the　rest　of　his　countrymen；　still　retains　a　liking　for　Indian　Corn；　and　imports　it　regularly　every　year　from　America；　has　just　received　a　fresh　supply　of　it；　by　one　of　the　last　ships　which　has　arrived　from　Boston　in　New　England；　and　at　my　desire　he　weighed　a　bushel　of　it；　and　found　it　to　weigh　61　lb。：　It　cost　him　at　Boston　three　shillings　and　sixpence　sterling　the　bushel。

＇15＇　The　price　of　Indian　meal　as　it　here　estimated；（2d。　a　pound；）　is　at　least　twice　as　much　as　it　would　cost　in　Great　Britain　in　common　years；　if　care　was　taken　to　import　it　at　the　cheapest　rate。

＇16＇　Those　who　dislike　trouble；　and　feel　themselves　called　upon　by　duty　and　honor　to　take　an　active　part　in　undertakings　for　the　public　good；　are　extremely　apt　to　endeavour　to　excuse；to　themselves　as　well　as　to　the　world；their　inactivity　and　supineness；　by　representing　the　undertaking　in　question　as　being　so　very　difficult　as　to　make　all　hope　of　success　quite　chimerical　and　ridiculous。

＇17＇　The　Housekeeper　of　my　friend　and　countryman；　Sir　William　Pepperel；　Bart。　of　Upper　Seymour　Street；　Portman　Square。

＇18＇　Molasses　imported　from　the　French　West　India　Islands　into　the　American　States　is　commonly　sold　there　from　12d。　to　14d。　the　gallon。

＇19＇　This　gentleman；　who　is　as　remarkable　for　his　good　fortune　at　sea；　as　he　is　respectable　on　account　of　his　private　character　and　professional　knowledge；　has　crossed　the　Atlantic　Ocean　the　almost　incredible　number　of　ONE　HUNDRED　AND　TEN　TIMES！　and　without　meeting　with　the　smallest　accident。　　He　is　now　on　the　seas　in　his　way　to　North　America；　and　this　voyage；　which　is　his　HUNDRED　AND　ELEVENTH；　he　intends　should　be　his　last。　　May　he　arrive　safe；and　may　he　long　enjoy　in　peace　and　quite　the　well…earned　fruits　of　his　laborious　life！　Who　can　reflect　on　the　innumerable　storms　he　must　have　experienced；　and　perils　he　has　escaped；　without　feeling　much　interested　in　his　preservation　and　happiness？

＇20＇　This　maccaroni　would　not　probably　have　cost　one　quarter　of　that　sum　at　Naples。Common　maccaroni　is　frequently　sold　there　as　low　as　fourteen　grains；　equal　to　five　pence　halfpenny　sterling　the　rottolo；　weighing　twenty…eight　ounces　and　three　quarters　Avoirdupois；　which　is　three　pence　sterling　the　pound　Avoirdupois。　An　inferiour　kind　of　maccaroni；　such　as　is　commonly　sold　at　Naples　to　the　Poor；　costs　not　more　than　two　pence　sterling　the　pound　Avoirdupois。

＇21＇　If　maccaroni　could　be　made　in　this　country　as　cheap　as　it　is　made　in　Naples；　that　is　to　say；　so　as　to　be　afforded　for　three　pence　sterling　the　pound　Avoirdupois；　for　the　best　sort；　（and　I　do　not　see　why　it　should　not；）　as　half　a　pound　of　dry　maccaroni　weighs　when　boiled　very　nearly　two　pounds；　each　pound　of　boiled　maccaroni　would　cost　only　three　farthings；　and　the　cheese　necessary　for　giving　it　a　relish　one　farthing　more；　making　together　one　penny；　which　is　certainly　a　very　moderate　price　for　such　good　and　wholesome　Food。


CONTENTS　of　ESSAY　IV。

of　CHIMNEY　FIRE…PLACES；　with　PROPOSALS　for　improving　them　to　save　FUEL；　to　render　dwelling…houses　more　COMFORTABLE　and　SALUBRIOUS；　and　effectually　to　prevent　CHIMNIES　from　SMOKING。

ADVERTISEMENT

CHAPTER。　I。　　Fire…places　for　burning　coals；　or　wood；　in　an　open　chimney；　　　　are　capable　of　great　improvement。　　Smoking　chimnies　may　in　all　cases　be　completely　cured。　　The　immoderate　size　of　the　throats　of　chimnies　the　principal　　　　cause　of　all　their　imperfections。　　Philosophical　investigation　of　the　subject。　　Remedies　proposed　for　all　the　defects　that　have　been　discovered　　　　in　chimnies　and　their　open　fire…places。　　These　remedies　applicable　to　chimnies　destined　for　burning　　　　wood；　or　turf；　as　well　as　those　constructed　for　burning　coals。

CHAPTER。　II。　　Practical　directions