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essays-1-第72部分

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ney。

In all cases where the width of the opening of the Fire…place in front (A B) happens to be not greater; or not more than two or three inches greater than THREE TIMES the width of the new back of the Chimney (i k); this opening may be left; and lines drawn from i to A; and from k to B; will show the width and position of the front of the new covings;but when the opening of the Fire…place in front is still wider; it must be reduced; which is to be done in the following manner:

From c; the middle of the line A B; c a and c b; must be set off equal to the width of the back (i k); added to half its width (f i); and lines drawn from i to a; and from k to b; will show the ground plan of the fronts of the new covings。

When this is done; nothing more will be necessary than to build up the back and covings; and if the Fire…place is designed for burning coals; to fix the grate in its proper place; according to the directions already given。When the width of the Fire…place is reduced; the edges of the covings a A and b B are to make a finish with the front of the jambs。And in general it will be best; not only for the sake of the appearance of the Chimney; but for other reasons also; to lower the height of the opening of the Fire…place; whenever its width in front is diminished。

Fig。 4。 shows a front view of the Chimney after it has been altered according to the directions here given。By comparing it with fig。 2。 (which shows a front view of the same Chimney before it was altered); the manner in which the opening of the Fire…place in front is diminished may be seen。In fig。 4。 the under part of the door…way by which the Chimney…sweeper gets up the Chimney is represented by white dotted lines。  The door…way is represented closed。

I shall finish this chapter with some general observations relative to the subject under consideration; with directions how to proceed where such local circumstances exist as render modifications of the general plan indispensably necessary。

Whether a Chimney be designed for burning wood upon the hearth; or wood; or coals in a grate; the form of the Fire…place is in my opinion; most perfect when THE WIDTH OF THE BACK is equal to the DEPTH OF THE FIRE…PLACE; and the opening of the Fire…place in front equal to THREE TIMES the width of the back; or; which is the same thing; to THREE TIMES THE DEPTH OF THE FIRE…PLACE。

But if the Chimney be designed for burning wood upon the hearth; upon hand irons; or dogs; as they are called; it will sometimes be necessary to accommodate the width of the back to the length of the wood; and when this is the case; the covings must be accommodated to the width of the back; and the opening of the Chimney in front。

When the wall of the Chimney in front; measured from the upper part of the breast of the Chimney to the front of the mantle; is very thin; it may happen; and especially in Chimnies designed for burning wood upon the hearth; or upon dogs; that the depth of the Chimney; determined according to the directions here given; may be too small。

Thus; for example; supposing the wall of the Chimney in front; from the upper part of the breast of the Chimney to the front of the mantle; to be only four inches; (which is sometimes the case; particularly in rooms situated near the top of a house;) in this case; if we take four inches for the width of the throat; this will give eight inches only for the depth of the Fire…place; which would be too little; even were coals to be burnt instead of wood。In this case I should increase the depth of the Fire…place at the hearth to 12 or 13 inches; and should build the back perpendicular to the height of the top of the burning fuel; (whether it be wood burnt upon the hearth; or coals in a grate;) and then; sloping the back by a gentle inclination forward; bring it to its proper place; that is to say; PERPENDICULARLY UNDER THE BACK OF THE THROAT OF THE CHIMNEY。 This slope; (which will bring the back forward four or five inches; or just as much as the depth of the Fire…place is encreased;) though it ought not to be too abrupt; yet it ought to be quite finished at the height of eight or ten inches above the fire; otherwise it may perhaps cause the Chimney to smoke; but when it is very near the fire; the heat of the fire will enable the current of rising smoke to overcome the obstacle which this slope will oppose to its ascent; which it could not do so easily were the slope situated at a greater distance from the burning fuel'2'。

Fig。 7; 8; and 9; show a plan; elevation; and section of a Fire…place constructed or altered upon this principal。The wall of the Chimney in front at a; fig。 9; being only four inches thick; four inches more added to it for the width of the throat would have left the depth of the Fire…place measured upon the hearth b c only eight inches; which would have been too little;a niche c and e; was therefore made in the new back of the Fire…place for receiving the grate; which niche was six inches deep in the center of it; below 13 inches wide; (or equal in width to the grate;) and 23 inches high; finishing above with a semicirular arch; which; in its highest part; rose seven inches above the upper part of the grate。The door…way for the Chimney…sweeper; which begins just above the top of the niche; may be seen distinctly in both the figures 8 and 9。The space marked g; fig。 9; behind this door…way; may either be filled with loose bricks; or may be left void。The manner in which the piece of stone f; fig。 9; which is put under the mantle of the Chimney to reduce the height of the opening of the Fire…place; is rounded off on the inside in order to give a fair run to the column of smoke in its ascent through the throat of the Chimney; is clearly expressed in this figure。

The plan fig。 7; and elevation fig。 8; show how much the width of the opening of the Fire…place in front is diminished; and how the covings in the new Fire…place are formed。

A perfect idea of the form and dimension of the Fire…place in its original state; as also after its alteration; may be had by careful inspection of these figures。

I have added the drawing fig。 10; merely to show how a fault; which I have found workmen in general whom I have employed in altering Fire…places are very apt to commit; is to be avoided。 In Chimneys like that represented in this figure; where the jambs A and B project far into the room; and where the front edge of the marble slab; o which forms the coving; does not come so far forward as the front of the jambs; the workmen in constructing the new covings are very apt to place them;not in the line c A; which they ought to do;but in the line c o; which is a great fault。The covings of a Chimney should never range BEHIND the front of the jambs; however those jambs may project into the room;but it is not absolutely necessary that the covings should MAKE A FINISH with the internal front corners of the jambs; or that they should be continues from the back c; quite to the front of the jambs at A。They may finish in front at a and b; and small corners A; o; a; may be left for placing the shovels; tongs; etc。

Were the new coving to range with the front edge of the old coving o; the obliquity of the new coving would commonl
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