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evolution and ethics and other essays-第2部分

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and equity every one must have complete confidence; and in December;
1892; they published a report in which they declare that; 〃with the
exception of the sums expended on the 'barracks' at Hadleigh;〃 the
moneys in question have been 〃devoted only to the objects and expended
in the methods set out in that appeal; and to and in no others。〃

Nevertheless; their final conclusion runs as follows: 〃(4) That whilst
the invested property; real and personal; resulting from such Appeal
is so vested and controlled by the Trust of the Deed of January 30th;
1891; that any application of it to purposes other than those declared
in the deed by any 'General' of the Salvation Army would amount to a
breach of trust; and would subject him to the proceedings of a civil
and criminal character; before mentioned in the Report; ADEQUATE LEGAL
SAFEGUARDS DO NOT AT PRESENT EXIST TO PREVENT THE MISAPPLICATION OF
SUCH PROPERTY。〃

The passage I have italicised forms part of a document dated December
19th; 1892。 It follows; that; even after the Deed of January 30th;
1891; was executed; 〃adequate legal safeguards〃 〃to prevent the
misapplication of the property〃 did not exist。 What then was the state
of things; up to a week earlier; that is on January 22nd; 1891; when
my twelfth and last letter appeared in the 〃Times〃? A better
justification for what I have said about…the want of adequate security
for the proper administration of the funds intrusted to Mr。 Booth
could not be desired; unless it be that which is to be found in the
following passages of the Report (pp。 36 and 37):

〃It is possible that a 'General' may be forgetful of his duty; and
sell property and appropriate the proceeds to his own use; or to
meeting the general liabilities of the Salvation Army。 As matters now
stand; he; and he alone; would have control over such a sale。 Against
such possibilities it appears to the Committee to be reasonable that
some check should be imposed。〃

Once more let it be remembered that this opinion given under the hand
of Sir Henry James; was expressed by the Committee; with the Trust
Deed of 1891; which has been so sedulously flaunted before the public;
in full view。

The Committee made a suggestion for the improvement of this very
unsatisfactory state of things; but the exact value set upon it by the
suggestors should be carefully considered (p。37)。

〃The Committee are fully aware that if the views thus expressed are
carried out; the safeguards and checks created will not be sufficient
for all purposes absolutely to prevent possible dealing with the
property and moneys inconsistent with the purposes to which they are
intended to be devoted。〃

In fact; they are content to express the very modest hope that 〃if the
suggestion made be acted upon; some hindrance will thereby be placed in
the way of any one acting dishonestly in respect of the disposal of
the property and moneys referred to。〃

I do not know; and; under the circumstances; I cannot say I much care;
whether the suggestions of the Committee have; or have not; been acted
upon。  Whether or not; the fact remains that an unscrupulous 〃General〃
will have a pretty free hand; notwithstanding 〃some〃 hindrance。

Thus; the judgment of the highly authoritative; and certainly not
hostile; Committee of 1892; upon the issues with which they concerned
themselves is hardly such as to inspire enthusiastic confidence。 And
it is further to be borne in mind that they carefully excluded from
their duties 〃any examination of the principles; government; teaching;
or methods of the Salvation Army as a religious organization; or of
its affairs〃 except so far as they related to the administration of
the moneys collected by the 〃Darkest England〃 appeal。

Consequently; the most important questions discussed in my letters were
not in any way touched by the Committee。 Even if their report had been
far more favourable to the 〃Darkest England〃 scheme than it is; if it
had really assured the contributors that the funds raised were fully
secured against malversation; the objections; on social and political
grounds; to Mr。  Booth's despotic organization; with its thousands of

docile satellites pledged to blind obedience; set forth in the
letters; would be in no degree weakened。 The 〃sixpennyworth of good〃
would still be out…weighed by the 〃shillingsworth of harm〃; if indeed
the relative worth; or unworth; of the latter should not be rated in
pounds rather than in shillings。

What would one not give for the opinion of the financial members of
the Committee about the famous Bank; and that of the legal experts
about the proposed 〃tribunes of the people〃?

HODESLEA; EASTBOURNE;
        July; 1894。




                   CONTENTS

                       I

                                                  PAGE
EVOLUTION AND ETHICS。 PROLEGOMENA '1894' 。 。 。 。 。 。 1

                       II

EVOLUTION AND ETHICS '1893'。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。46

                       III

SCIENCE AND MORALS '1886'。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 117

                       IV

CAPITALTHE MOTHER OF LABOUR '1890' 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 147

                       V

SOCIAL DISEASES AND WORSE REMEDIES '1891'。 。 。 。 。 188

Preface。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 188
The Struggle for Existence in Human Society。 195
Letters to the Times 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 237
Legal Opinions 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 312
The Articles of War of the Salvation Army。 。 321




'1'


                       I。

              EVOLUTION AND ETHICS。

                  PROLEGOMENA。

                    '1894。'


                       I。

IT may be safely assumed that; two thousand years ago; before Caesar
set foot in southern Britain; the whole country…side visible from the
windows of the room in which I write; was in what is called 〃the state
of nature。〃 Except; it may be; by raising a few sepulchral mounds;
such as those which still; here and there; break the flowing contours
of the downs; man's hands had made no mark upon it; and the thin veil
of vegetation which overspread the broad…backed heights and the
shelving sides of the coombs was unaffected by his industry。 The
native grasses and weeds; the scattered patches of gorse; contended
with one another for the possession of the scanty surface soil; they
fought against the droughts of summer; the frosts of winter; and the
furious gales which swept; with unbroken force; now from the '2'
Atlantic; and now from the North Sea; at all times of the year; they
filled up; as they best might; the gaps made in their ranks by all
sorts of underground and overground animal ravagers。 One year with
another; an average population; the floating balance of the unceasing
struggle for existence among the indigenous plants; maintained itself。
It is as little to be doubted; that an essentially similar state of
nature prevailed; in this region; for many thousand years before the
coming of Caesar; and there is no assignable reason for denying that
it might continue to exist through an equally prolonged futurity;
except for the intervention of man。

Reckoned by our customary standards of duration; the native v
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