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list2-第38部分
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capital is dependent on the augmentation of the manufacturing
capital； and （inversely） the latter on the former。（2*）
This reciprocal action is； however； in the case of the change
from the agricultural state into the manufacturing state much
stronger on the part of manufacture than on the part of
agriculture。 For as the increase of capital which results from the
change from the condition of the mere hunter to the pastoral
condition is chiefly effected by the rapid increase of flocks and
herds； as the increase of capital resulting from the change from
the pastoral condition into the agricultural condition is chiefly
effected by the rapid increase in cultivated land and in surplus
produce； so； in the event of a change from the agricultural
condition into the manufacturing condition； is the augmentation of
the material capital of the nation chiefly effected by those values
and powers which are devoted to the establishment of manufactures；
because thereby a mass of formerly unutilised natural and mental
powers are converted into mental and material capital。 Far from
hindering the saving of material capital； the establishment of
manufactures is the first thing which affords to the nation the
means of employing its agricultural savings in an economical
manner； and it is the first means by which the nation can be
incited to agricultural economy。
In the legislative bodies of North America it has often been
mentioned that corn there rots in the ear from want of sale；
because its value will not pay the expense of harvesting it。 In
Hungary it is asserted that the agriculturist is almost choked with
excess of produce； while manufactured goods are three to four times
dearer there than in England。 Germany even can remember such times。
In agricultural States； therefore； all surplus agricultural produce
is not material capital。 By means of manufactures it first becomes
commercial capital by being warehoused； and then by being sold to
the manufacturers it is turned into manufacturing capital。 What may
be unutilised stock in the hand of the agriculturist； becomes
productive capital in the hand of the manufacturer； and vice vers狻�
Production renders consumption possible； and the desire to
consume incites to production。 The mere agricultural nation is in
its consumption dependent on foreign conditions； and if these are
not favourable to it； that production dies out which would have
arisen in consequence of the desire to consume。 But in that nation
which combines manufactures with agriculture in its territory； the
reciprocal inducement continually exists； and therefore； also；
there will be continuous increase of production and with it
augmentation of capital on both sides。
As the agricultural…manufacturing nation is （for the reasons
which we have already given） always incomparably richer in material
capital than the mere agricultural nation （which is evident at a
glance）； so in the former the rate of interest is always much
lower； and larger capital and more favourable conditions are at the
disposal of men of enterprise； than in the purely agricultural
nation。 It follows that the former can always victoriously compete
with the newly formed manufactories in the agricultural nation；
that the agricultural nation remains continually in debt to the
manufacturing nation； and that in the markets of the former
continual fluctuations in the prices of produce and manufactured
goods and in the value of money take place； whereby the
accumulation of material wealth in the purely agricultural nation
is no less endangered than its morality and its habits of economy。
The school distinguishes fixed capital from circulating
capital； and classes under the former in a most remarkable manner
a multitude of things which are in circulation without making any
practical application whatever of this distinction。 The only case
in which such a distinction can be of value； it passes by without
notice。 The material as well as the mental capital is （namely）
bound in a great measure to agriculture； to manufactures； to
commerce； or to special branches of either nay often； indeed； to
special localities。 Fruit trees； when cut down； are clearly not of
the same value to the manufacturer （if he uses them for woodwork）
as they are to the agriculturist （if he uses them for the
production of fruit）。 Sheep； if； as has already frequently happened
in Germany and North America； they have to be slaughtered in
masses； have evidently not the value which they would possess when
used for the production of wool。 Vineyards have （as such） a value
which； if used as arable fields； they would lose。 Ships； if used
for timber or for firewood； have a much lower value than when they
serve as means of transport。 What use can be made of manufacturing
buildings； water…power； and machinery if the spinning industry is
ruined？ In like manner individuals lose； as a rule； the greatest
part of their productive power； consisting in experience； habits；
and skill； when they are displaced。 The school gives to all these
objects and properties the general name of capital； and would
transplant them （by virtue of this terminology） at its pleasure
from one field of employment to another。 J。 B。 Say thus advises the
English to divert their manufacturing capital to agriculture。 How
this wonder is to be accomplished he has not informed us； and it
has probably remained a secret to English statesmen to the present
day。 Say has in this place evidently confounded private capital
with national capital。 A manufacturer or merchant can withdraw his
capital from manufactures or from commerce by selling his works or
his ships and buying landed property with the proceeds。 A whole
nation； however； could not effect this operation except by
sacrificing a large portion of its material and mental capital。 The
reason why the school so deliberately obscures things which are so
clear is apparent enough。 If things are called by their proper
names； it is easily comprehended that the transfer of the
productive powers of a nation from one field of employment to
another is subject to difficulties and hazards which do not always
speak in favour of 'free trade；' but very often in favour of
national protection。
NOTES：
1。 Wealth of Nations； book IV。 chap。 ii。
2。 Compare the following paragraph； which appeared in the Times
during 1883：
'MANUFACTURES AND AGRICULTURE。 The statistician of the
Agricultural Department of the United States has shown in a recent
report that the value of farm lands de
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