list2-第5部分

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the　bad　ones　herself：　at　most　France　might　retain　the　manufacture



of　a　little　millinery。　Germany　would　scarcely　have　more　to　supply



this　English　world　with　than　children's　toys；　wooden　clocks；　and



philological　writings；　and　sometimes　also　an　auxiliary　corps；　who



might　sacrifice　themselves　to　pine　away　in　the　deserts　of　Asia　or



Africa；　for　the　sake　of　extending　the　manufacturing　and　commercial



supremacy；　the　literature　and　language　of　England。　It　would　not



require　many　centuries　before　people　in　this　English　world　would



think　and　speak　of　the　Germans　and　French　in　the　same　tone　as　we



speak　at　present　of　the　Asiatic　nations。



　　　　True　political　science；　however；　regards　such　a　result　of



universal　free　trade　as　a　very　unnatural　one；　it　will　argue　that



had　universal　free　trade　been　introduced　at　the　time　of　the



Hanseatic　League；　the　German　nationality　instead　of　the　English



would　have　secured　an　advance　in　commerce　and　manufacture　over　all



other　countries。



　　　　It　would　be　most　unjust；　even　on　cosmopolitical　grounds；　now　to



resign　to　the　English　all　the　wealth　and　power　of　the　earth；　merely



because　by　them　the　political　system　of　commerce　was　first



established　and　the　cosmopolitical　principle　for　the　most　part



ignored。　In　order　to　allow　freedom　of　trade　to　operate　naturally；



the　less　advanced　nations　must　first　be　raised　by　artificial



measures　to　that　stage　of　cultivation　to　which　the　English　nation



has　been　artificially　elevated。　In　order　that；　through　that



cosmopolitical　tendency　of　the　powers　of　production　to　which　we



have　alluded；　the　more　distant　parts　of　the　world　may　not　be



benefited　and　enriched　before　the　neighbouring　European　countries；



those　nations　which　feel　themselves　to　be　capable；　owing　to　their



moral；　intellectual；　social；　and　political　circumstances；　of



developing　a　manufacturing　power　of　their　own　must　adopt　the　system



of　protection　as　the　most　effectual　means　for　this　purpose。　The



effects　of　this　system　for　the　purpose　in　view　are　of　two　kinds：　in



the　first　place；　by　gradually　excluding　foreign　manufactured



articles　from　our　markets；　a　surplus　would　be　occasioned　in　foreign



nations；　of　workmen；　talents；　and　capital；　which　must　seek



employment　abroad；　and　secondly　by　the　premium　which　our　system　of



protection　would　offer　to　the　immigration　into　our　country　of



workmen；　talents；　and　capital；　that　excess　of　productive　power



would　be　induced　to　find　employment　with　us；　instead　of　emigrating



to　distant　parts　of　the　world　and　to　colonies。　Political　science



refers　to　history；　and　inquires　whether　England　has　not　in　former



times　drawn　from　Germany；　Italy；　Holland；　France；　Spain；　and



Portugal　by　these　means　a　mass　of　proDuctive　power。　She　asks：　Why



does　the　cosmopolitical　school；　when　it　pretends　to　weigh　in　the



balance　the　advantages　and　the　disadvantages　of　the　system　of



protection；　utterly　ignore　this　great　and　remarkable　instance　of



the　results　of　that　system？







NOTES：







1。　It　is　alleged　that　Adam　Smith　intended　to　have　dedicated　his



great　work　to　Quesnay。　　TR。　（See　Life　of　Smith；　published　by　T。



and　J。　Allman。　1825。）







2。　The　Christian　religion　inculcates　perpetual　peace。　But　until　the



promise；　'There　shall　be　one　fold　and　one　shepherd；'　has　been



fulfilled；　the　principle　of　the　Quakers；　however　true　it　be　in



itself；　can　scarcely　be　acted　upon。　There　is　no　better　proof　for



the　Divine　origin　of　the　Christian　religion　than　that　its　doctrines



and　promises　are　in　perfect　agreement　with　the　demands　of　both　the



material　and　spiritual　well…being　of　the　human　race。







3。　This　statement　was　probably　accurate　up　to　the　period　when　List



wrote；　but　a　notable　exception　to　it　may　now　be　adduced。　The



commercial　union　of　the　various　German　states　under　the　Zollverein



preceded　by　many　years　their　political　union　under　the　Empire；　and



powerfully　promoted　it。　　TR。







Chapter　12







The　Theory　of　the　Powers　of　Production　and　the　Theory　of　Values







　　　　Adam　Smith's　celebrated　work　is　entitled；　'The　Nature　and



Causes　of　the　Wealth　of　Nations。'　The　founder　of　the　prevailing



economical　school　has　therein　indicated　the　double　point　of　view



from　which　the　economy　of　nations；　like　that　of　private　separate



individuals；　should　be　regarded。



　　　　The　causes　of　wealth　are　something　totally　different　from



wealth　itself。　A　person　may　possess　wealth；　i。e。　exchangeable



value；　if；　however；　he　does　not　possess　the　power　of　producing



objects　of　more　value　than　he　consumes；　he　will　become　poorer。　A



person　may　be　poor；　if　he；　however；　possesses　the　power　of



producing　a　larger　amount　of　valuable　articles　than　he　consumes；　he



becomes　rich。



　　　　The　power　of　producing　wealth　is　therefore　infinitely　more



important　than　wealth　itself；　it　insures　not　only　the　possession



and　the　increase　of　what　has　been　gained；　but　also　the　replacement



of　what　has　been　lost。　This　is　still　more　the　case　with　entire



nations　（who　cannot　live　out　of　mere　rentals）　than　with　private



individuals。　Germany　has　been　devastated　in　every　century　by



pestilence；　by　famine；　or　by　civil　or　foreign　wars；　she　has；



nevertheless；　always　retained　a　great　portion　of　her　powers　of



production；　and　has　thus　quickly　re…attained　some　degree　of



prosperity；　while　rich　and　mighty　but　despot…　and　priest…ridden



Spain；　notwithstanding　her　comparative　enjoyment　of　internal



peace；（1*）　has　sunk　deeper　into　poverty　and　misery。　The　same　sun



still　shines　on　the　Spaniards；　they　still　possess　the　same　area　of



territory；　their　mines　are　still　as　rich；　they　are　still　the　same



people　as　before　the　discovery　of　America；　and　before　the



introduction　of　the　Inquisition；　but　that　nation　has　gradually　lost



her　powers　of　production；　and　has　therefore　become　poor　and



miserable。　The　War　of　Independence　of　the　United　States　of　America



cost　that　nation　hundreds　of　millions；　but　her　powers　of　production



were　immeasurably　strengthened　by　gaining　independence；　and　it　was



for　this　reason　that　in　the　course　of　a　few　years　after　the　peace



she　obtained　immeasurably　greater　riches　than　she。had　ever



possessed　before。　If　we　compare　the　state　of　France　in　the　year



1809　with　that　of　the　year　1839；　what　a　difference　in　favour　of　the



latter！　Nevertheless；　France　has　in　the　interim　lost　her



sovereignty　over　a　large　portion　of　the　European　continent；　she　has



suffered　two　devastating　invasions；　and　had　to　pay　milliards　of



money　in　war　contributions　and　indemnities。



　　　　It　was　impossible　that　so　clear　an　intellect　as　Adam　Smith



possessed　could　altogether　ignore　the　difference　between　weal