the athenian constitution-第4部分

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　　And　again　he　reviles　both　parties　for　their　grumblings　in　the　times　that　followed：

　　Nay；　if　one　must　lay　blame　where　blame　is　due；　　　Wer't　not　for　me；　the　people　ne'er　had　set　　　Their　eyes　upon　these　blessings　e'en　in　dreams：…　　　While　greater　men；　the　men　of　wealthier　life；　　　Should　praise　me　and　should　court　me　as　their　friend。

For　had　any　other　man；　he　says；　received　this　exalted　post；

　　He　had　not　kept　the　people　hack；　nor　ceased　　　Til　he　had　robbed　the　richness　of　the　milk。　　　But　I　stood　forth　a　landmark　in　the　midst；　　　And　barred　the　foes　from　battle。

Part　13

　　Such　then；　were　Solon's　reasons　for　his　departure　from　the　country。　After　his　retirement　the　city　was　still　torn　by　divisions。　For　four　years；　indeed；　they　lived　in　peace；　but　in　the　fifth　year　after　Solon's　government　they　were　unable　to　elect　an　Archon　on　account　of　their　dissensions；　and　again　four　years　later　they　elected　no　Archon　for　the　same　reason。　Subsequently；　after　a　similar　period　had　elapsed；　Damasias　was　elected　Archon；　and　he　governed　for　two　years　and　two　months；　until　he　was　forcibly　expelled　from　his　office。　After　this；　it　was　agreed；　as　a　compromise；　to　elect　ten　Archons；　five　from　the　Eupatridae；　three　from　the　Agroeci；　and　two　from　the　Demiurgi；　and　they　ruled　for　the　year　following　Damasias。　It　is　clear　from　this　that　the　Archon　was　at　the　time　the　magistrate　who　possessed　the　greatest　power；　since　it　is　always　in　　connexion　with　this　office　that　conflicts　are　seen　to　arise。　But　altogether　　they　were　in　a　continual　state　of　internal　disorder。　Some　found　the　cause　and　justification　of　their　discontent　in　the　abolition　of　debts；　because　thereby　they　had　been　reduced　to　poverty；　others　were　dissatisfied　with　the　political　constitution；　because　it　had　undergone　a　revolutionary　change；　while　with　others　the　motive　was　found　in　personal　rivalries　among　themselves。　The　parties　at　this　time　were　three　in　number。　First　there　was　the　party　of　the　Shore；　led　by　Megacles　the　son　of　Alcmeon；　which　was　considered　to　aim　at　　a　moderate　form　of　government；　then　there　were　the　men　of　the　Plain；　who　desired　an　oligarchy　and　were　led　by　Lycurgus；　and　thirdly　there　were　the　men　of　the　Highlands；　at　the　head　of　whom　was　Pisistratus；　who　was　looked　on　as　an　extreme　democrat。　This　latter　party　was　reinforced　by　those　who　had　been　deprived　of　the　debts　due　to　them；　from　motives　of　poverty；　and　by　those　who　were　not　of　pure　descent；　from　motives　of　personal　apprehension。　A　proof　of　this　is　seen　in　the　fact　that　after　the　tyranny　was　overthrown　a　revision　was　made　of　the　citizen…roll；　on　the　ground　that　many　persons　were　　partaking　in　the　franchise　without　having　a　right　to　it。　The　names　given　to　the　respective　parties　were　derived　from　the　districts　in　which　they　held　their　lands。

Part　14

　　Pisistratus　had　the　reputation　of　being　an　extreme　democrat；　and　he　also　had　distinguished　himself　greatly　in　the　war　with　Megara。　Taking　advantage　of　this；　he　wounded　himself；　and　by　　representing　that　his　injuries　had　been　inflicted　on　him　by　his　political　rivals；　he　persuaded　the　people；　through　a　motion　proposed　by　Aristion；　to　grant　him　a　bodyguard。　After　he　had　got　these　'club…bearers'；　as　they　were　called；　he　made　an　attack　with　them　on　the　people　　and　seized　the　Acropolis。　This　happened　in　the　archonship　of　Comeas；　thirty…one　years　after　the　legislation　of　Solon。　It　is　related　that；　when　Pisistratus　asked　for　his　bodyguard；　Solon　opposed　the　request；　and　declared　that　in　so　doing　he　proved　himself　wiser　than　half　　the　people　and　braver　than　the　rest；…wiser　than　those　who　did　not　see　that　Pisistratus　designed　to　make　himself　tyrant；　and　braver　than　　those　who　saw　it　and　kept　silence。　But　when　all　his　words　availed　nothing　he　carried　forth　his　armour　and　set　it　up　in　front　of　his　house；　saying　that　he　had　helped　his　country　so　far　as　lay　in　his　power　（he　was　already　a　very　old　man）；　and　that　he　called　on　all　others　to　do　the　same。　Solon's　exhortations；　however；　proved　fruitless；　and　　Pisistratus　assumed　the　sovereignty。　His　administration　was　more　like　a　constitutional　government　than　the　rule　of　a　tyrant；　but　before　his　power　was　firmly　established；　the　adherents　of　Megacles　and　Lycurgus　made　a　coalition　and　drove　him　out。　This　took　place　in　the　archonship　of　Hegesias；　five　years　after　the　first　establishment　of　his　rule。　Eleven　years　later　Megacles；　being　in　difficulties　in　a　party　struggle；　again　opened…negotiations　with　Pisistratus；　proposing　that　the　latter　should　marry　his　daughter；　and　on　these　terms　he　brought　him　back　to　Athens；　by　a　very　primitive　and　simple…minded　device。　He　first　spread　abroad　a　rumour　that　Athena　was　bringing　back　Pisistratus；　and　then；　having　found　a　　woman　of　great　stature　and　beauty；　named　Phye　（according　to　Herodotus；　of　　the　deme　of　Paeania；　but　as　others　say　a　Thracian　flower…seller　of　the　deme　of　Collytus）；　he　dressed　her　in　a　garb　resembling　that　of　the　　goddess　and　brought　her　into　the　city　with　Pisistratus。　The　latter　drove　in　on　a　chariot　with　the　woman　beside　him；　and　the　inhabitants　of　the　city；　struck　with　awe；　received　him　with　adoration。

Part　15

　　In　this　manner　did　his　first　return　take　place。　He　did　　not；　however；　hold　his　power　long；　for　about　six　years　after　his　return　he　　was　again　expelled。　He　refused　to　treat　the　daughter　of　Megacles　as　his　wife；　and　being　afraid；　in　consequence；　of　a　combination　of　the　　two　opposing　parties；　he　retired　from　the　country。　First　he　led　a　colony　　to　a　place　called　Rhaicelus；　in　the　region　of　the　Thermaic　gulf；　and　thence　he　passed　to　the　country　in　the　neighbourhood　of　Mt。　Pangaeus。　Here　he　acquired　wealth　and　hired　mercenaries；　and　not　till　ten　years　had　elapsed　did　he　return　to　Eretria　and　make　an　attempt　to　recover　the　government　by　force。　In　this　he　had　the　assistance　of　many　allies；　notably　the　Thebans　and　Lygdamis　of　Naxos；　and　also　the　Knights　who　held　the　supreme　power　in　the　constitution　of　Eretria。　After　his　victory　in　the　battle　at　Pallene　he　captured　Athens；　and　when　he　had　disarmed　the　people　he　at　last　had　his　tyranny　securely　established；　and　was　able　to　take　Naxos　and　set　up　Lygdamis　as　ruler　there。　He　effected　the　disarmament　of　the　people　in　the　following　manner。　He　ordered　a　parade　in　full　armour　in　the　Theseum；　and　began　to　make　a　speech　to　the　people。　He　spoke　for　a　short　time；　until　the　people　called　out　that　they　could　not　hear　him；　whereupon　he　bade　them　come　up　to　the　entrance　of　the　Acropolis；　in　order　that　his　voice　might　be　better　heard。　Then；　while　he　continued　to　speak　to　them　at　great　length；　men　whom　he　had　appointed　for　the　purpose　collected　the　arms　and　locked　them　up　in　the　chambers　of　the　Theseum　hard　by；　and　came　and　made　a　signal　to　him　that　it　was　done。　Pisistratus　accordingly；　when　he　had　finished　the　rest　of　what　he　had　to　say；　told　the　people　also　what　had　happened　to　their　arms；　adding　that　they　were　not　to　be　surprised　or　alarmed；　but　go　home　and　attend　to　their　private　affairs；　while　he　would　himself　for　the　future　manage　all　　the　business　of　the　state。

Part　16

　　Such　was　the　origin　and　such　the　vicissitudes　of　the　tyranny　of　Pisistratus。　His　administration　was　temperate；　as　has　been　said　before；　and　more　like　const