the quaker colonies-第16部分

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Governor　Morris；　besides　demanding　that　the　supply　of　20；000　pounds　should　not　go　into　force　until　the　King's　pleasure　was　known；　insisted　that　the　paper　money　representing　it　should　be　redeemable　in　five　years。　This　period　the　Assembly　considered　too　short；　the　usual　time　was　ten　years。　Five　years　would　ruin　too　many　people　by　foreclosures。　Moreover；　the　Governor　was　attempting　to　dictate　the　way　in　which　the　people　should　raise　a　money　supply。　He　and　the　King　had　a　right　to　ask　for　aid　in　war；　but　it　was　the　right　of　the　colony　to　use　its　own　methods　of　furnishing　this　assistance。　The　Governor　also　refused　to　let　the　Assembly　see　the　instructions　from　the　proprietors　under　which　he　was　acting。　This　was　another　attack　upon　their　liberties　and　involved　nothing　less　than　an　attempt　to　change　their　charter　rights　by　secret　instructions　to　a　deputy　governor　which　he　must　obey　at　his　peril。　Several　bills　had　recently　been　introduced　in　the　English　Parliament　for　the　purpose　of　making　royal　instructions　to　governors　binding　on　all　the　colonial　assemblies　without　regard　to　their　charters。　This　innovation；　the　colonists　felt；　would　wreck　all　their　liberties　and　turn　colonial　government　into　a　mere　despotism。

The　assemblies　of　all　the　colonies　have　been　a　good　deal　abused　for　delay　in　supporting　the　war　and　meanness　in　withholding　money。　But　in　many　instances　the　delay　and　lack　of　money　were　occasioned　by　the　grasping　schemes　of　governors　who　saw　a　chance　to　gain　new　privileges　for　the　Crown　or　a　proprietor　or　to　weaken　popular　government　by　crippling　the　powers　of　the　legislatures。　The　usual　statement　that　the　Pennsylvania　Assembly　was　slow　in　assisting　the　war　because　it　was　composed　of　Quakers　is　not　supported　by　the　facts。　The　Pennsylvania　Assembly　was　not　behind　the　rest。　On　this　particular　occasion；　when　their　large　money　supply　bill　could　not　be　passed　without　sacrificing　their　constitutional　rights；　they　raised　money　for　the　war　by　appointing　a　committee　which　was　authorized　to　borrow　5000　pounds　on　the　credit　of　the　Assembly。

Other　contests　arose　over　the　claim　of　the　proprietors　that　their　estates　in　the　province　were　exempt　from　taxation　for　the　war　or　any　purpose。　One　bill　taxing　the　proprietary　estates　along　with　others　was　met　by　Thomas　Penn　offering　to　subscribe　5000　pounds；　as　a　free　gift　to　the　colony's　war　measures。　The　Assembly　accepted　this；　and　passed　the　bill　without　taxing　the　proprietary　estates。　It　turned　out；　however；　to　be　a　shrewd　business　move　on　the　part　of　Thomas　Penn；　for　the　5000　pounds　was　to　be　collected　out　of　the　quitrents　that　were　in　arrears；　and　the　payment　of　it　was　in　consequence　long　delayed。　The　thrifty　Thomas　had　thus　saddled　his　bad　debts　on　the　province　and　gained　a　reputation　for　generosity　at　the　same　time。

Pennsylvania；　though　governed　by　Quakers　assisted　by　noncombatant　Germans；　had　a　better　protected　frontier　than　Maryland　or　Virginia；　no　colony；　indeed；　was　at　that　time　better　protected。　The　Quaker　Assembly　did　more　than　take　care　of　the　frontier　during　the　war；　it　preserved　at　the　same　time　constitutional　rights　in　defense　of　which　twenty…five　years　afterwards　the　whole　continent　fought　the　Revolution。　The　Quaker　Assembly　even　passed　two　militia　bills；　one　of　which　became　law；　and　sent　rather　more　than　the　province's　full　share　of　troops　to　protect　the　frontiers　of　New　York　and　New　England　and　to　carry　the　invasion　into　Canada。

General　Braddock　warmly　praised　the　assistance　which　Pennsylvania　gave　him　because；　he　said；　she　had　done　more　for　him　than　any　of　the　other　colonies。　Virginia　and　Maryland　promised　everything　and　performed　nothing；　while　Pennsylvania　promised　nothing　and　performed　everything。　Commodore　Spy　thanked　the　Assembly　for　the　large　number　of　sailors　sent　his　fleet　at　the　expense　of　the　province。　General　Shirley；　in　charge　of　the　New　England　and　New　York　campaigns；　thanked　the　Assembly　for　the　numerous　recruits；　and　it　was　the　common　opinion　at　the　time　that　Pennsylvania　had　sent　more　troops　to　the　war　than　any　other　colony。　In　the　first　four　years　of　the　war　the　province　spent　for　military　purposes　210；567　pounds　sterling；　which　was　a　very　considerable　sum　at　that　time　for　a　community　of　less　than　200；000　people。　Quakers；　though　they　hate　war；　will　accept　it　when　there　is　no　escape。　The　old　story　of　the　Quaker　who　tossed　a　pirate　overboard；　saying；　〃Friend；　thee　has　no　business　here；〃　gives　their　point　of　view　better　than　pages　of　explanation。　Quaker　opinion　has　not　always　been　entirely　uniform。　In　Revolutionary　times　in　Philadelphia　there　was　a　division　of　the　Quakers　known　as　the　Fighting　Quakers；　and　their　meeting　house　is　still　pointed　out　at　the　corner　of　Fourth　Street　and　Arch。　They　even　produced　able　military　leaders：　Colonel　John　Dickinson；　General　Greene；　and　General　Mifflin　in　the　Continental　Army；　and；　in　the　War　of　1812；　General　Jacob　Brown；　who　reorganized　the　army　and　restored　its　failing　fortunes　after　many　officers　had　been　tried　and　found　wanting。

There　was　always　among　the　Quakers　a　rationalistic　party　and　a　party　of　mysticism。　The　rationalistic　party　prevailed　in　Pennsylvania　all　through　the　colonial　period。　In　the　midst　of　the　worst　horrors　of　the　French　and　Indian　wars；　however；　the　conscientious　objectors　roused　themselves　and　began　preaching　and　exhorting　what　has　been　called　the　mystical　side　of　the　faith。　Many　extreme　Quaker　members　of　the　Assembly　resigned　their　seats　in　consequence。　After　the　Revolution　the　spiritual　party　began　gaining　ground；　partly　perhaps　because　then　the　responsibilities　of　government　and　care　of　the　great　political　and　religious　experiment　in　Pennsylvania　were　removed。　The　spiritual　party　increased　so　rapidly　in　power　that　in　1827　a　split　occurred　which　involved　not　a　little　bitterness；　ill　feeling；　and　litigation　over　property。　This　division　into　two　opposing　camps；　known　as　the　Hicksites　and　the　Orthodox；　continues　and　is　likely　to　remain。

Quaker　government　in　Pennsylvania　was　put　to　still　severer　tests　by　the　difficulties　and　disasters　that　followed　Braddock's　defeat。　That　unfortunate　general　had　something　over　two　thousand　men　and　was　hampered　with　a　train　of　artillery　and　a　splendid　equipment　of　arms；　tools；　and　supplies；　as　if　he　were　to　march　over　the　smooth　highways　of　Europe。　When　he　came　to　drag　all　these　munitions　through　the　depths　of　the　Pennsylvania　forests　and　up　and　down　the　mountains；　he　found　that　he　made　only　about　three　miles　a　day　and　that　his　horses　had　nothing　to　eat　but　the　leaves　of　the　trees。　Washington；　who　was　of　the　party；　finally　persuaded　him　to　abandon　his　artillery　and　press　forward　with　about　fifteen　hundred　picked　men。　These　troops；　when　a　few　miles　from　Fort　Duquesne　（now　Pittsburgh）；　met　about　six　hundred　Indians　and　three　hundred　French　coming　from　the　fort。　The　English　maintained　a　close　formation　where　they　were；　but　the　French　and　Indians　immediately　spread　out　on　their　flanks；　lying　behind　trees　and　logs　which　provided　rests　for　their　rifles　and　security　for　their　bodies。　This　strategy　decided　the　day。　The　English　were　shot　down　like　cattle　in　a　pen；　and　out　of　about　fifteen　hundred　only　four　hundred　and　fifty　escaped。　The　French　and　Indian　loss　was　not　much