the quaker colonies-第38部分

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length　from　the　hills　of　the　Brandywine　on　the　Pennsylvania　border　to　the　sands　of　Sussex　at　Cape　Henlopen。　The　term　〃Territory〃　has　ever　since　been　used　in　America　to　describe　an　outlying　province　not　yet　given　the　privileges　of　a　State。　Instead　of　townships；　the　three　Delaware　counties　were　divided　into　〃hundreds；〃　an　old　Anglo…Saxon　county　method　of　division　going　back　beyond　the　times　of　Alfred　the　Great。　Delaware　is　the　only　State　in　the　Union　that　retains　this　name　for　county　divisions。　The　Three　Lower　Counties　were　allowed　to　send　representatives　to　the　Pennsylvania　Assembly；　and　the　Quakers　of　Delaware　have　always　been　part　of　the　Yearly　Meeting　in　Philadelphia。

*　The　original　names　were　New　Castle；　Jones's；　and　Hoerekill；　as　it　was　called　by　the　Dutch；　or　Deal。


In　1703；　after　having　been　a　part　of　Pennsylvania　for　twenty　years；　the　Three　Lower　Counties　were　given　home　rule　and　a　legislature　of　their　own；　but　they　remained　under　the　Governor　of　Pennsylvania　until　the　Revolution　of　1776。　They　then　became　an　entirely　separate　community　and　one　of　the　thirteen　original　States。　Delaware　was　the　first　State　to　adopt　the　National　Constitution；　and　Rhode　Island；　its　fellow　small　State；　the　last。　Having　been　first　to　adopt　the　Constitution；　the　people　of　Delaware　claim　that　on　all　national　occasions　or　ceremonies　they　are　entitled　to　the　privilege　of　precedence。　They　have　every　reason　to　be　proud　of　the　representative　men　they　sent　to　the　Continental　Congress；　and　to　the　Senate　in　later　times。　Agriculture　has；　of　course；　always　been　the　principal　occupation　on　the　level　fertile　land　of　Delaware；　and　it　is　agriculture　of　a　high　class；　for　the　soil；　especially　in　certain　localities；　is　particularly　adapted　to　wheat；　corn；　and　timothy　grass；　as　well　as　small　fruits。　That　section　of　land　crossing　the　State　in　the　region　of　Delaware　City　and　Middleton　is　one　of　the　show　regions　in　America；　for　crops　of　wheat　and　corn。　Farther　south；　grain　growing　is　combined　with　small　fruits　and　vegetables　with　a　success　seldom　attained　elsewhere。　Agriculturally　there　is　no　division　of　land　of　similar　size　quite　equal　to　Delaware　in　fertility。　Its　sand　and　gravel　base　with　vegetable　mold　above　is　somewhat　like　the　southern　Jersey　formation；　but　it　is　more　productive　from　having　a　larger　deposit　of　decayed　vegetation。

The　people　of　Delaware　have；　indeed；　very　little　land　that　is　not　tillable。　The　problems　of　poverty；　crowding；　great　cities；　and　excessive　wealth　in　few　hands　are　practically　unknown　among　them。　The　foreign　commerce　of　Wilmington　began　in　1740　with　the　building　of　a　brig　named　after　the　town；　and　was　continued　successfully　for　a　hundred　years。　At　Wilmington　there　has　always　been　a　strong　manufacturing　interest；　beginning　with　the　famous　colonial　flour　mills　at　the　falls　of　the　Brandywine；　and　the　breadstuffs　industry　at　Newport　on　the　Christina。　With　the　Brandywine　so　admirably　suited　to　the　water…power　machinery　of　those　days　and　the　Christina　deep　enough　for　the　ships；　Wilmington　seemed　in　colonial　times　to　possess　an　ideal　combination　of　advantages　for　manufacturing　and　commerce。　The　flour　mills　were　followed　in　1802　by　the　Du　Pont　Powder　Works；　which　are　known　all　over　the　world；　and　which　furnished　powder　for　all　American　wars　since　the　Revolution；　for　the　Crimean　War　in　Europe；　and　for　the　Allies　in　the　Great　War。

〃From　the　hills　of　Brandywine　to　the　sands　of　Sussex〃　is　an　expression　the　people　of　Delaware　use　to　indicate　the　whole　length　of　their　little　State。　The　beautiful　cluster　of　hills　at　the　northern　end　dropping　into　park…like　pastures　along　the　shores　of　the　rippling　Red　Clay　and　White　Clay　creeks　which　form　the　deep　Christina　with　its　border　of　green　reedy　marshes；　is　in　striking　contrast　to　the　wild　waste　of　sands　at　Cape　Henlopen。　Yet　in　one　way　the　Brandywine　Hills　are　closely　connected　with　those　sands；　for　from　these　very　hills　have　been　quarried　the　hard　rocks　for　the　great　breakwater　at　the　Cape；　behind　which　the　fleets　of　merchant　vessels　take　refuge　in　storms。

The　great　sand　dunes　behind　the　lighthouse　at　the　cape　have　their　equal　nowhere　else　on　the　coast。　Blown　by　the　ocean　winds；　the　dunes　work　inland；　overwhelming　a　pine　forest　to　the　tree　tops　and　filling　swamps　in　their　course。　The　beach　is　strewn　with　every　type　of　wreckage　of　man's　vain　attempts　to　conquer　the　sea。　The　Life　Saving　Service　men　have　strange　tales　to　tell　and　show　their　collections　of　coins　found　along　the　sand。　The　old　pilots　live　snugly　in　their　neat　houses　in　Pilot　Row；　waiting　their　turns　to　take　the　great　ships　up　through　the　shoals　and　sands　which　were　so　baffling　to　Henry　Hudson　and　his　mate　one　hot　August　day　of　the　year　1609。

The　Indians　of　the　northern　part　of　Delaware　are　said　to　have　been　mostly　Minquas　who　lived　along　the　Christiana　and　Brandywine；　and　are　supposed　to　have　had　a　fort　on　Iron　Hill。　The　rest　of　the　State　was　inhabited　by　the　Nanticokes；　who　extended　their　habitations　far　down　the　peninsula；　where　a　river　is　named　after　them。　They　were　a　division　or　clan　of　the　Delawares　or　Leni　Lenapes。　In　the　early　days　they　gave　some　trouble；　but　shortly　before　the　Revolution　all　left　the　peninsula　in　strange　and　dramatic　fashion。　Digging　up　the　bones　of　their　dead　chiefs　in　1748；　they　bore　them　away　to　new　abodes　in　the　Wyoming　Valley　of　Pennsylvania。　Some　appear　to　have　traveled　by　land　up　the　Delaware　to　the　Lehigh；　which　they　followed　to　its　source　not　far　from　the　Wyoming　Valley。　Others　went　in　canoes；　starting　far　down　the　peninsula　at　the　Nanticoke　River　and　following　along　the　wild　shore　of　the　Chesapeake　to　the　Susquehanna；　up　which　they　went　by　its　eastern　branch　straight　into　the　Wyoming　Valley。　It　was　a　grand　canoe　tripa　weird　procession　of　tawny；　black…haired　fellows　swinging　their　paddles　day　after　day；　with　their　freight　of　ancient　bones；　leaving　the　sunny　fishing　grounds　of　the　Nanticoke　and　the　Choptank　to　seek　a　refuge　from　the　detested　white　man　in　the　cold　mountains　of　Pennsylvania。







BIBLIOGRAPHICAL　NOTE

A　large　part　of　the　material　for　the　early　history　of　Pennsylvania　is　contained　of　course　in　the　writings　and　papers　of　the　founder。　The　〃Life　of　William　Penn〃　by　S。　M。　Janney　（1852）　is　perhaps　the　most　trustworthy　of　the　older　biographies　but　it　is　a　dull　book。　A　biography　written　with　a　modern　point　of　view　is　〃The　True　William　Penn〃　by　Sydney　G。　Fisher　（1900）。　Mrs。　Colquhoun　Grant；　a　descendant　of　Penn　has　published　a　book　with　the　title　〃Quaker　and　Courtier：　the　Life　and　Work　of　William　Penn〃　（1907）。　The　manuscript　papers　of　Penn　now　in　the　possession　of　the　Historical　Society　of　Pennsylvania；　together　with　much　new　material　gathered　in　England；　are　soon　to　be　published　under　the　able　editorship　of　Albert　Cook　Myers。

There　is　a　vast　literature　on　the　history　of　Quakerism。　The　〃Journal　of　George　Fox〃　（1694）；　Penn's　〃Brief　Account　of　the　Rise　and　Progress　of　the　People　called　Quakers〃　（1695）；　and　Robert　Barclay's　〃Apology　for　the　True　Christian　Divinity〃　（1678）　are　of　first　importance　for　the　study　of　the　rise　of　the　Society　of　Friends。　Among　the　older　histories　are　J。J。　Gurney's　〃Observations　on　the　Religious　Peculiarities　of　the　Society　of　Friends〃　（1824）；　James　Bowd