the quaker colonies-第7部分

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umbers；　was　important　in　ability　and　influence。　After　Penn's　death；　his　sons　joined　the　Church　of　England；　and　the　Churchmen　in　the　province　became　still　stronger。　They　formed　the　basis　of　the　proprietary　party；　filled　executive　offices　in　the　Government；　and　waged　relentless　war　against　the　Quaker　majority　which　controlled　the　Legislature。　During　Penn's　lifetime　the　Churchmen　were　naturally　opposed　to　the　whole　government；　both　executive　and　legislative。　They　were　constantly　sending　home　to　England　all　sorts　of　reports　and　information　calculated　to　show　that　the　Quakers　were　unfit　to　rule　a　province；　that　Penn　should　be　deprived　of　his　charter；　and　that　Pennsylvania　should　be　put　under　the　direct　rule　of　the　King。

They　had　delightful　schemes　for　making　it　a　strong　Church　of　England　colony　like　Virginia。　One　of　them　suggested　that；　as　the　title　to　the　Three　Lower　Counties；　as　Delaware　was　called；　was　in　dispute；　it　should　be　taken　by　the　Crown　and　given　to　the　Church　as　a　manor　to　support　a　bishop。　Such　an　ecclesiastic　certainly　could　have　lived　in　princely　state　from　the　rents　of　its　fertile　farms；　with　a　palace；　retinue；　chamberlains；　chancellors；　feudal　courts；　and　all　the　appendages　of　earthly　glory。　For　the　sake　of　the　picturesqueness　of　colonial　history　it　is　perhaps　a　pity　that　this　pious　plan　was　never　carried　out。

As　it　was；　however；　the　Churchmen　established　themselves　with　not　a　little　glamour　and　romance　round　two　institutions；　Christ　Church　for　the　first　fifty　years；　and　after　that　round　the　old　College　of　Philadelphia。　The　Reverend　William　Smith；　a　pugnacious　and　eloquent　Scotchman；　led　them　in　many　a　gallant　onset　against　the　〃haughty　tribe〃　of　Quakers；　and　he　even　suffered　imprisonment　in　the　cause。　He　had　a　country　seat　on　the　Schuylkill　and　was　in　his　way　a　fine　character；　devoted　to　the　establishment　of　ecclesiasticism　and　higher　learning　as　a　bulwark　against　the　menace　of　Quaker　fanaticism；　and　but　for　the　coming　on　of　the　Revolution　he　might　have　become　the　first　colonial　bishop　with　all　the　palaces；　pomp；　and　glory　appertaining　thereunto。

In　spite　of　this　opposition；　however；　the　Quakers　continued　their　control　of　the　colony；　serenely　tolerating　the　anathemas　of　the　learned　Churchmen　and　the　fierce　curses　and　brandished　weapons　of　the　Presbyterians　and　Scotch…Irish。　Curses　and　anathemas　were　no　check　to　the　fertile　soil。　Grist　continued　to　come　to　the　mill；　and　the　agricultural　products　poured　into　Philadelphia　to　be　carried　away　in　the　ships。　The　contemplative　Quaker　took　his　profits　as　they　passed；　enacted　his　liberalizing　laws；　his　prison　reform；　his　charities；　his　peace　with　the　savage　Indians；　allowed　science；　research；　and　all　the　kindly　arts　of　life　to　flourish；　and　seemed　perfectly　contented　with　the　damnation　in　the　other　world　to　which　those　who　flourished　under　his　rule　consigned　him。

In　discussing　the　remarkable　success　of　the　province；　the　colonists　always　disputed　whether　the　credit　should　be　given　to　the　fertile　soil　or　to　the　liberal　laws　and　constitution。　It　was　no　doubt　due　to　both。　But　the　obvious　advantages　of　Penn's　charter　over　the　mixed　and　troublesome　governmental　conditions　in　the　Jerseys；　Penn's　personal　fame　and　the　repute　of　the　Quakers　for　liberalism　then　at　its　zenith；　and　the　wide　advertising　given　to　their　ideas　and　Penn's；　on　the　continent　of　Europe　as　well　as　in　England；　seem　to　have　been　the　reasons　why　more　people；　and　many　besides　Quakers；　came　to　take　advantage　of　that　fertile　soil。

The　first　great　increase　of　alien　population　came　from　Germany；　which　was　still　in　a　state　of　religious　turmoil；　disunion；　and　depression　from　the　results　of　the　Reformation　and　the　Thirty　Years'　War。　The　reaction　from　dogma　in　Germany　had　produced　a　multitude　of　sects；　all　yearning　for　greater　liberty　and　prosperity　than　they　had　at　home。　Penn　and　other　Quakers　had　made　missionary　tours　in　Germany　and　had　preached　to　the　people。　The　Germans　do　not　appear　to　have　been　asked　to　come　to　the　Jerseys。　But　they　were　urged　to　come　to　Pennsylvania　as　soon　as　the　charter　was　obtained；　and　many　of　them　made　an　immediate　response。　The　German　mind　was　then　at　the　height　of　its　emotional　unrestraint。　It　was　as　unaccustomed　to　liberty　of　thought　as　to　political　liberty　and　it　produced　a　new　sect　or　religious　distinction　almost　every　day。　Many　of　these　sects　came　to　Pennsylvania；　where　new　small　religious　bodies　sprang　up　among　them　after　their　arrival。　Schwenkfelders；　Tunkers；　Labadists；　New　Born；　New　Mooners；　Separatists；　Zion's　Brueder；　Ronsdorfer；　Inspired；　Quietists；　Gichtelians；　Depellians；　Mountain　Men；　River　Brethren；　Brinser　Brethren；　and　the　Society　of　the　Woman　in　the　Wilderness；　are　names　which　occur　in　the　annals　of　the　province。　But　these　are　only　a　few。　In　Lancaster　County　alone　the　number　has　at　different　times　been　estimated　at　from　twenty　to　thirty。　It　would　probably　be　impossible　to　make　a　complete　list；　some　of　them；　indeed；　existed　for　only　a　few　years。　Their　own　writers　describe　them　as　countless　and　bewildering。　Many　of　them　were　characterized　by　the　strangest　sort　of　German　mysticism；　and　some　of　them　were　inclined　to　monastic　and　hermit　life　and　their　devotees　often　lived　in　caves　or　solitary　huts　in　the　woods。

It　would　hardly　be　accurate　to　call　all　the　German　sects　Quakers；　since　a　great　deal　of　their　mysticism　would　have　been　anything　but　congenial　to　the　followers　of　Fox　and　Penn。　Resemblances　to　Quaker　doctrine　can；　however；　be　found　among　many　of　them；　and　there　was　one　large　sect；　the　Mennonites；　who　were　often　spoken　of　as　German　Quakers。　The　two　divisions　fraternized　and　preached　in　each　other's　meetings。　The　Mennonites　were　well　educated　as　a　class　and　Pastorius；　their　leader；　was　a　ponderously　learned　German。　Most　of　the　German　sects　left　the　Quakers　in　undisturbed　possession　of　Philadelphia；　and　spread　out　into　the　surrounding　region；　which　was　then　a　wilderness。　They　and　all　the　other　Germans　who　afterwards　followed　them　settled　in　a　half　circle　beginning　at　Easton　on　the　Delaware；　passing　up　the　Lehigh　Valley　into　Lancaster　County；　thence　across　the　Susquehanna　and　down　the　Cumberland　Valley　to　the　Maryland　border；　which　many　of　them　crossed；　and　in　time　scattered　far　to　the　south　in　Virginia　and　even　North　Carolina；　where　their　descendants　are　still　found。

These　German　sects　which　came　over　under　the　influence　of　Penn　and　the　Quakers；　between　the　years　1682　and　1702；　formed　a　class　by　themselves。　Though　they　may　be　regarded　as　peculiar　in　their　ideas　and　often　in　their　manner　of　life；　it　cannot　be　denied　that　as　a　class　they　were　a　well…educated；　thrifty；　and　excellent　people　and　far　superior　to　the　rough　German　peasants　who　followed　them　in　later　years。　This　latter　class　was　often　spoken　of　in　Pennsylvania　as　〃the　church　people；〃　to　distinguish　them　from　〃the　sects；〃　as　those　of　the　earlier　migration　were　called。

The　church　people；　or　peasantry　of　the　later　migration；　belonged　usually　to　one　of　the　two　dominant　churches　of　Germany；　the　Lutheran　or　the　Reformed。　Those　of　the　Reformed　Church　were　often　spoken　of　as　Calvinists。　This　migration　of　the　church　people　was　not　due　to　the　example　of　the　Quakers　but　was　the　result　of　a　new　policy　which　w