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decline of science in england-及10何蛍

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l that the range of knowledge embraced by the Royal Society was too comprehensive to admit of sufficient attention to their favourite subject�察�and they established the Linnean Society。  After many years�察�a new science arose�察�and the Geological Society was produced。  At an another and more recent epoch�察�the friends of astronomy�察�urged by the wants of their science�察�united to establish the Astronomical Society。  Each of these bodies found�察�that the attention devoted to their science by the parent establishment was insufficient for their wants�察�and each in succession experienced from the Royal Society the most determined opposition。

Instituted by the most enlightened philosophers�察�solely for the promotion of the natural sciences�察�that learned body justly conceived that nothing could be more likely to render these young institutions permanently successful�察�than discouragement and opposition at their commencement。  Finding their first attempts so eminently successful�察�they redoubled the severity of their persecution�察�and the result was commensurate with their exertions�察�and surpassed even their wildest anticipations。  The Astronomical Society became in six years known and respected throughout Europe�察�not from the halo of reputation which the glory of its vigourous youth had thrown around the weakness of its declining years�察�but from the sterling merit of ;its unpretending deeds�察�from the sympathy it claimed and received from every practical astronomer�察�whose labours it relieved�察�and whose calculations it lightened。;

But the system which worked so well is now changed�察�and the Zoological and Medico´Botanical Societies were established without opposition�此�perhaps�察�indeed�察�the total failure of the latter society is the best proof of the wisdom which guided the councils of the Royal。  At present�察�the various societies exist with no feelings of rivalry or hostility�察�each pursuing its separate objects�察�and all uniting in deploring with filial regret�察�the second childhood of their common parent�察�and the evil councils by which that sad event has been anticipated。

It is the custom to attach certain letters to the names of those who belong to different societies�察�and these marks of ownership are by many considered the only valuable part of their purchase on entry。  The following is a list of some of these societies。 The second column gives the ready´money prices of the tail´pieces indicated in the third。


SOCIETIES。               Fees on Admission         Appended                          including Composition     Letters                          for Annual Payments。

                              L。 s。 d。 Royal Society 。。。。。。。。。。。。。  50  0  0               F。R。S。 Royal Society of Edinburgh。  25  4  0*              F。R。S。E。 Royal Academy of Dublin 。。。  26  5  0               M。R。I。A。 Royal Society of Literature  36 15  0               F。R。S。Lit。 Antiquarian 。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。  50  8  0               F。A。S。 Linnean 。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。  36  0  0               F。L。S。 Geological 。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。  34 15  0               F。G。S。 Astronomical 。。。。。。。。。。。。。。  25  4  0               M。A。S。 Zoological 。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。  26  5  0               F。Z。S。 Royal Institution 。。。。。。。。。  50  0  0               M。R。I。 Royal Asiatic。。。。。。。。。。。。。。  31 10  0               F。R。A。S。 Horticultural 。。。。。。。。。。。。。  43  6  0               F。H。S。 Medico´Botanical 。。。。。。。。。。  21  0  0               F。M。B。S。

��* The Royal Society of Edinburgh now requires�察�for composition in lieu of annual contributions�察�a sum dependent on the value of the life of the member。��

Thus�察�those who are ambitious of scientific distinction�察�may�察�according to their fancy�察�render their name a kind of comet�察�carrying with it a tail of upwards of forty letters�察�at the average cost of 10L。 9s。 9d。 per letter。

Perhaps the reader will remark�察�that science cannot be declining in a country which supports so many institutions for its cultivation。  It is indeed creditable to us�察�that the greater part of these societies are maintained by the voluntary contributions of their members。  But�察�unless the inquiries which have recently taken place in some of them should rectify the SYSTEM OF MANAGEMENT by which several have been oppressed�察�it is not difficult to predict that their duration will be short。  Full PUBLICITY�察�PRINTED STATEMENTS OF ACCOUNTS�察�and occasional DISCUSSIONS and inquiries at GENERAL MEETINGS�察�are the only safeguards�察�and a due degree of VIGILANCE should be exercised on those who DISCOURAGE these principles。  Of the Royal Society�察�I shall speak in a succeeding page�察�and I regret to add�察�that I might have said more。 My object is to amend it�察�but�察�like all deeply´rooted complaints�察�the operation which alone can contribute to its cure�察�is necessarily painful。 Had the words of remonstrance or reproof found utterance through other channels�察�I had gladly been silent�察�content to support by my vote the reasonings of the friend of science and of the Society。  But this has not been the case�察�and after frustrated efforts to introduce improvements�察�I shall now endeavour�察�by the force of plain�察�but perhaps painful truths�察�to direct public opinion in calling for such a reform�察�as shall rescue the Royal Society from contempt in our own country�察�from ridicule in others。

On the next five societies in the list�察�I shall offer no remarks。 Of the Geological�察�I shall say a few words。  It possesses all the freshness�察�the vigour�察�and the ardour of youth in the pursuit of a youthful science�察�and has succeeded in a most difficult experiment�察�that of having an oral discussion on the subject of each paper read at its meetings。  To say of these discussions�察�that they are very entertaining�察�is the least part of the praise which is due to them。  They are generally very instructive�察�and sometimes bring together isolated facts in the science which�察�though insignificant when separate�察�mutually illustrate each other�察�and ultimately lead to important conclusions。  The continuance of these discussions evidently depends on the taste�察�the temper�察�and the good sense of the speakers。  The things to be avoided are chiefly verbal criticismspraise of each other beyond its reasonable limits�察�and contest for victory。  This latter is�察�perhaps�察�the most important of the three�察�both for the interests of the Society and of truth。  With regard to the published volumes of their Transactions�察�it may be remarked�察�that if members were in the habit of communicating their papers to the Society in a more finished state�察�it would be attended with several advantages�察�amongst others�察�with that of lightening the heavy duties of the officers�察�which are perhaps more laborious in this Society than in most others。  To court publicity in their accounts and proceedings�察�and to endeavour to represent all the feelings of the Society in the Council�察�and to avoid permanent Presidents�察�is a recommendation not peculiarly addressed to this Society�察�but would contribute to the well´being of all。

Of the Astronomical Society�察�which�察�from the nature of its pursuits�察�could scarcely admit of the discussions similar to those of the Geological�察�I shall merely observe�察�that I know of no secret which has caused its great success�察�unless it be attention to the max
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