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the critique of judgement-第26部分
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n consequences than that of its beauty。 It gives on the whole no indication of anything final in nature itself; but only in the possible employment of our intuitions of it in inducing a feeling in our own selves of a finality quite independent of nature。 For the beautiful in nature we must seek a ground external to ourselves; but for the sublime one merely in ourselves and the attitude of mind that introduces sublimity into the representation of nature。 This is a very needful preliminary remark。 It entirely separates the ideas of the sublime from that of a finality of nature; and makes the theory of the sublime a mere appendage to the aesthetic estimate of the finality of nature; because it does not give a representation of any particular form in nature; but involves no more than the development of a final employment by the imagination of its own representation。
SS 24。 Subdivision of an investigation of the feeling of the sublime。
In the division of the moments of an aesthetic estimate of objects in respect of the feeling of the sublime; the course of the Analytic will be able to follow the same principle as in the analysis of judgements of taste。 For; the judgement being one of the aesthetic reflective judgement; the delight in the sublime; just like that in the beautiful; must in its quantity be shown to be universally valid; in its quality independent of interest; in its relation subjective finality; and the latter; in its modality; necessary。 Hence the method here will not depart from the lines followed in the preceding section: unless something is made of the point that there; where the aesthetic judgement bore on the form of the object; we began with the investigation of its quality; whereas here; considering the formlessness that may belong to what we call sublime; we begin with that of its quantity; as first moment of the aesthetic judgement on the sublime…a divergence of method the reason for which is evident from SS 23。 But the analysis of the sublime obliges a division not required by that of the beautiful; namely one into the mathematically and the dynamically sublime。 For the feeling of sublime involves as its characteristic feature a mental movement combined with the estimate of the object; whereas taste in respect of the beautiful presupposes that the mind is in restful contemplation; and preserves it in this state。 But this movement has to be estimated as subjectively final (since the sublime pleases)。 Hence it is referred through the imagination either to the faculty of cognition or to that of desire; but to whichever faculty the reference is made; the finality of the given representation is estimated only in respect of these faculties (apart from end or interest)。 Accordingly the first is attributed to the object as a mathematical; the second as a dynamical; affection of the imagination。 Hence we get the above double mode of representing an object as sublime。
A。 THE MATHEMATICALLY SUBLIME。 SS 25。 Definition of the term 〃sublime〃。
Sublime is the name given to what is absolutely great。 But to be great and to be a magnitude are entirely different concepts (magnitudo and quantitas)。 In the same way; to assert without qualification (simpliciter) that something is great is quite a different thing from saying that it is absolutely great (absolute; non comparative magnum)。 The latter is what is beyond all comparison great。 What; then; is the meaning of the assertion that anything is great; or small; or of medium size? What is indicated is not a pure concept of understanding; still less an intuition of sense; and just as little is it a concept of reason; for it does not import any principle of cognition。 It must; therefore; be a concept of judgement; or have its source in one; and must introduce as basis of the judgement a subjective finality of the representation with reference to the power of judgement。 Given a multiplicity of the homogeneous together constituting one thing; and we may at once cognize from the thing itself that it is a magnitude (quantum)。 No comparison with other things is required。 But to determine how great it is always requires something else; which itself has magnitude; for its measure。 Now; since in the estimate of magnitude we have to take into account not merely the multiplicity (number of units) but also the magnitude of the unit (the measure); and since the magnitude of this unit in turn always requires something else as its measure and as the standard of its comparison; and so on; we see that the computation of the magnitude of phenomena is; in all cases; utterly incapable of affording us any absolute concept of a magnitude; and can; instead; only afford one that is always based on comparison。 If; now; I assert without qualification that anything is great; it would seem that I have nothing in the way of a comparison present to my mind; or at least nothing involving an objective measure; for no attempt is thus made to determine how great the object is。 But; despite the standard of comparison being merely subjective; the claim of the judgement is none the less one to universal agreement; the judgements: 〃that man is beautiful〃 and 〃He is tall〃; do not purport to speak only for the judging subject; but; like theoretical judgements; they demand the assent of everyone。 Now in a judgement that without qualification describes anything as great; it is not merely meant that the object has a magnitude; but greatness is ascribed to it pre…eminently among many other objects of a like kind; yet without the extent of this pre…eminence being determined。 Hence a standard is certainly laid at the basis of the judgement; which standard is presupposed to be one that can be taken as the same for every one; but which is available only for an aesthetic estimate of the greatness; and not for one that is logical (mathematically determined); for the standard is a merely subjective one underlying the reflective judgement upon the greatness。 Furthermore; this standard may be empirical; as; let us say; the average size of the men known to us; of animals of a certain kind; of trees; of houses; of mountains; and so forth。 Or it may be a standard given a priori; which by reason of the imperfections of the judging subject is restricted to subjective conditions of presentation in concreto; as; in the practical sphere; the greatness of a particular virtue; or of public liberty and justice in a country; or; in the theoretical sphere; the greatness of the accuracy or inaccuracy of an experiment or measurement; etc。 Here; now; it is of note that; although we have no interest whatever in the object; i。e。; its real existence may be a matter of no concern to us; still its mere greatness; regarded even as devoid of form; is able to convey a universally communicable delight and so involve the consciousness of a subjective finality in the employment of our cognitive faculties; but not; be it remembered; a delight in the object; for the latter may be formless; but; in contradistinction to what is the case with the beautiful; where the reflective judgement finds itself set to a key that is final in respect of cognition generally; a delight in an extensio
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