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shorter logic-第40部分

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involves mediation。 The only content which can be held to be the truth is one not
mediated with something else; not limited by other things: or; otherwise
expressed; it is one mediated by itself; where mediation and immediate
reference…to…self coincide。 The understanding that fancies it has got clear of finite
knowledge; the identity of the analytical metaphysicians and the old 'rationalists';
abruptly takes again as principle and criterion of truth that immediacy which; as
an abstract reference…to…self; is the same as abstract identity。 Abstract thought
(the scientific form used by 'reflective' metaphysic) and abstract intuition (the
form used by immediate knowledge) are one and the same。 

                                   §74n

The stereotyped opposition between the form of immediacy and that of mediation gives to the
former a half…ness and inadequacy that affects every content which is brought under it。 Immediacy
means; upon the whole; an abstract reference…to…self; that is; an abstract identity or abstract
universality。 Accordingly the essential and real universal; when taken merely in its immediacy; is a
mere abstract universal; and from this point of view God is conceived as a being altogether without
determinate quality。 To call God spirit is in that case only a phrase: for the consciousness and
self…consciousness which spirit implies are impossible without a distinguishing of it from itself and
from something else; i。e。 without mediation。 



                                    §75

It was impossible for us to criticise this; the third attitude which thought has been
made to take towards objective truth; in any other mode than what is naturally
indicated and admitted in the doctrine itself。 The theory asserts that immediate
knowledge is a fact。 It has been shown to be untrue in fact to say that there is an
immediate knowledge; a knowledge without mediation either by means of
something else or in itself。 It has also been explained to be false in fact to say that
thought advances through finite and conditioned categories only; which are
always mediated by a something else; and to forget that in the very act of
mediation the mediation itself vanishes。 And to show that; in point of fact; there is
a knowledge which advances neither by unmixed immediacy nor by unmixed
mediation; we can point to the example of Logic and the whole of philosophy。 



                                    §76

If we view the maxims of immediate knowledge in connection with the uncritical
metaphysic of the past from which we started; we shall learn from the
comparison the reactionary nature of the school of Jacobi。 His doctrine is a return
to the modern starting…point of this metaphysic in the Cartesian philosophy。 Both
Jacobi and Descartes maintain the following three points: 

(1) The simple inseparability of the thought and being of the thinker。 Cogito; ergo
sum is the same doctrine as that the being; reality; and existence of the 'Ego' is
immediately revealed to me in consciousness。 (Descartes; in fact; is careful to
state that by thought he means consciousness in general。 Princip。 Phil。 i。 9。) This
inseparability is the absolutely first and most certain knowledge; not mediated or
demonstrated。 

(2) The inseparability of existence from the conception of God: the former is
necessarily implied in the latter; or the conception never can be without the
attribute of existence; which is thus necessary and eternal。。 

     Descartes; Princip。 Phil。 i。 15: 'The reader will be more disposed to believe that there exists a
     being supremely perfect; if he notes that in the case of nothing else is there found in him an
     idea; in which he notices necessary existence to be contained in the same way。 He will see that
     that idea exhibits a true and unchangeable nature …a nature which cannot but exist; since
     necessary existence is contained in it。' A remark which immediately follows; and which sounds
     like mediation or demonstration; does not really prejudice the original principle。 

     In Spinoza we come upon the same statement that the essence or abstract conception of God
     implies existence。 The first of Spinoza's definitions; that of the Causa Sui (or Self…Cause);
     explains it to be 'that of which the essence involves existence; or that whose nature cannot be
     conceived except as existing'。 The inseparability of the notion from being is the main point and
     fundamental hypothesis in his system。 But what notion is thus inseparable from being? Not the
     notion of finite things; for they are so constituted as to have a contingent and a created
     existence。 Spinoza's eleventh proposition; which follows with a proof that God exists
     necessarily; and his twentieth; showing that God's existence and his essence are one and the
     same; are really superfluous; and the proof is more in form than in reality。 To say that God is
     Substance; the only Substance; and that; as Substance is Causa Sui; God therefore exists
     necessarily; is merely stating that God is that of which the notion and the being are inseparable。 

(3) The immediate consciousness of the existence of external things。 By this
nothing more is meant than sense…consciousness。 To have such a thing is the
slightest of all cognitions: and the only thing worth knowing about it is that such
immediate knowledge of the being of things external is error and delusion; that the
sensible world as such is altogether void of truth; that the being of these external
things is accidental and passes away as a show; and that their very nature is to
have only an existence which is separable from their essence and notion。 



                                    §77

There is however a distinction between the two points of view: 

(1) The Cartesian philosophy; from these unproved postulates; which it assumes
to be unprovable; proceeds to wider and wider details of knowledge; and thus
gave rise to the sciences of modern times。 The modern theory (of Jacobi); on the
contrary; (§ 62) has come to what is intrinsically a most important conclusion
that cognition; proceeding as it must by finite mediations; can know only the
finite; and never embody the truth; and would fain have the consciousness of
God go no further than the aforesaid very abstract belief that God is。 

     Anselm on the contrary says: 'Methinks it is carelessness; if; after we have been confirmed in
     the faith; we do not exert ourselves to see the meaning of what we believe。' 'Tractat。 Cur Deus
     Homo?' These words of Anselm; in connection with the concrete truths of Christian doctrine;
     offer a far harder problem for investigation; than is contemplated by this modern faith。 

(2) The modern doctrine on the one hand makes no change in the Cartesian
method of the usual scientific knowledge; and conducts on the same plan the
experimental and finite sciences that have sprung from it。 But; on the other hand;
when it comes to the science which has infinity for its scope; it throws aside that
method and thus; as it knows no other; it rejects all methods。 It abandons itself to
wild vagaries o
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