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shorter logic-第70部分

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                                  § 144
                        'b' Contingency (accidents)

But the Actual in its distinction from possibility (which is reflection…into…self) is
only the outward concrete; the unessential immediate。 In other words; to such
extent as the actual is primarily the simple merely immediate unity of Inward and
Outward; it is obviously made an unessential outward; and thus at the same time
it is merely inward; the abstraction of reflection…into…self。 Hence it is itself
characterised as a merely possible。 When thus valued at the rate of a mere
possibility; the actual is a Contingent or Accidental; and; conversely; possibility
is mere Accident itself or Chance。 



                                  § 145
                        Possibility and Contingency

Possibility and Contingency are the two factors of Actuality … Inward and
Outward; put as mere forms which constitute the externality of the actual。 They
have their reflection…into…self on the body of actual fact; or content; with its
intrinsic definitiveness which gives essential ground of their characterisation。 The
finitude of the contingent and the possible lies; therefore; as we now see; in the
distinction of the form…determination from the content: and; therefore; it depends
on the content alone whether anything is contingent and possible。 

                                  § 145n
                                 Free Will

As possibility is the mere inside of actuality; it is for that reason a mere outside actuality; in other
words; Contingency。 The contingent; roughly speaking; is what has the ground of its being not in
itself but in somewhat else。 Such is the aspect under which actuality first comes before
consciousness; and which is often mistaken for actuality itself。 But the contingent is only one side
of the actual … the side namely; of reflection on somewhat else。 It is the actual; in the signification of
something merely possible。 Accordingly we consider the contingent to be what may or may not
be; what may be in one way or another; whose being or not…being; and whose being in this way or
otherwise; depends not upon itself but on something else。 

To overcome this contingency is; roughly speaking; the problem of science on the one hand; as in
the range of practice; on the other; the end of action is to rise above the contingency of the will; or
above caprice。 It has however often happened; most of all in modern times; that contingency has
been unwarrantably elevated; and has a value attached to it; both in nature and in the world of the
mind; to which it has no just claim。 Frequently; Nature; to take it first; has been chiefly admired for
the richness and variety of its structures。 Apart however from what disclosure it contains of the
Idea; this richness gratifies none of the higher interests of Reason; and its vast variety of structures;
organic and inorganic; affords us only the spectacle of a contingency losing itself in vagueness。 At
any rate; the chequered scene presented by the several varieties of animals and plants; conditioned
as it is by outward circumstances … the complex changes in configuration and grouping of clouds;
and the like … ought not to be ranked higher than the equally casual fancies of the mind which
surrenders itself to its own caprices。 The wonderment with which such phenomena are welcomed
is a most abstract frame of mind; from which one should advance to a closer insight into the inner
harmony and uniformity of nature。 

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Of contingency in respect of the Will it is especially important to form a proper estimate。 The
Freedom of the Will is an expression that often means mere free choice; or the will in the form of
contingency。 Freedom of choice; or the capacity for determining ourselves towards one thing or
another; or is undoubtedly a vital element in the will (which is in its very notion free); but instead of
being freedom itself; it is it is only in the first instance a freedom in form。 The genuinely free will;
which includes free choice as suspended; is conscious to itself that its content is intrinsically firm
and fast; and knows it at the same time to be thoroughly its own。 A will; on the contrary; which
remains standing on the grade of option; even supposing it does decide in favour of what is in
import right and true; is always haunted by the conceit that it might; if it had so pleased; have
decided in favour of the reverse course。 When more narrowly examined; free choice is seen to be
a contradiction; to this extent; that its form and content stand in antithesis。 The matter of choice is
given; and known as a content dependent not on the will itself; but on outward circumstances。 In
reference to such a given content; freedom lies only in the form of choosing; which; as it is only a
freedom in form; may consequently be regarded as freedom only in supposition。 On an ultimate
analysis it will be seen that the same outwardness of circumstances; on which is founded the
content that the will finds to its hand; can alone account for the will giving its decision for the one
and not the other of the two alternatives。 

Although contingency; as it has thus been shown; is only one aspect in the whole of actuality; and
therefore not to be mistaken for the whole of actuality; and therefore not to be mistaken for
actuality itself; it has no less than the rest of the forms of the idea its due office in the world of
objects。 This is; in the first place; seen in Nature。 On the surface of Nature; so to speak; Chance
ranges unchecked; and the contingency must simply be recognised; without the pretension
sometimes erroneously ascribed to philosophy; in seeking to find it in a
could…only…be…so…and…not…otherwise。 Nor is contingency less visible in the world of Mind。 The
Will; as we have already remarked; includes contingency under the shape of option or free choice;
but only as a vanishing and abrogated element。 In respect of Mind and its works; just as in the
case of Nature; we must guard against being so far misled by a well…meant endeavour after
rational knowledge; as to try to exhibit the necessity of phenomena which are marked by a
decided contingency; or; as the phrase is; to construe them a priori。 Thus in language (although it
be; as it were; the body of thought) Chance still unquestionably plays a decided part; and the same
is true of the creations of law; of art; etc。 

The problem of science; and especially of philosophy; undoubtedly consists in eliciting the
necessity concealed under the semblance of contingency。 That; however; is far from meaning that
the contingent belongs to our subjective conception alone; and must therefore be simply set aside;
if we wish to get at the truth。 All scientific researches which pursue this tendency exclusively lay
themselves open to the charge of mere jugglery and an over…strained precisionism。 



                                  § 146
                                Condition

When more closely examined; what the aforesaid outward side of actuality
implies is this。 Contingency; which is actuality in its immediacy; is the
self…identical; essentially only as a suppo
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