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shorter logic-第73部分

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conditions。 (b) The conditions are passive; and used as materials for the fact; into
the content of which they thus enter。 They are likewise intrinsically conformable
to this content; and already contain its whole characteristic。 

'b' The Fact is also (a) something presupposed or ante…stated; i。e。 is it at first;
and as supposed; only inner and possible; and also; being prior; as independent
content by itself。 (b) By using up the conditions; it receives its external existence;
the realisation of the articles of its content; which reciprocally correspond to the
conditions; so that while it presents itself out of these as the facts; it also proceeds
from them。 

'c' The Activity similarly has (a) an independent existence of its own (as man; a
character); and at the same time it is possible only where the conditions are and
the fact。 (B) It is the movement which translates the conditions into fact; and the
latter into the former as the side of existence; or rather the movement which
educes the fact from the conditions in which it is potentially present; and which
gives existence to the fact by abolishing the existence possessed by the conditions。

In so far as these three elements stand to each other in the shape of independent
existences; this process has the aspect of an outward necessity。 Outward
necessity has a limited content for its fact。 For the fact is this whole; in phase of
singleness。 But since in its form this whole is external to itself; it is
self…externalised even in its own self and in its content; and this externality;
attaching to the fact; is a limit of its content。 



                                  § 149
                        The Circle of Circumstances

Necessity; then; is potentially the one essence; self…same; but not full of content;
in the reflected light of which its distinctions take the form of independent
realities。 This self…sameness is at the same time; as absolute form; the activity
which reduces into dependency and mediates into immediacy。 Whatever is
necessary is through another; which is broken up into mediating ground (the Fact
and the Activity) and an immediate actuality; or accidental circumstance; which is
at the same time a Condition。 The necessary; being through an other; is not in and
for itself: hypothetical; it is a mere result of assumption。 But this intermediation is
just as immediate however as the abrogation of itself。 The ground and contingent
condition is translated into immediacy; by which that dependency is now lifted up
into actuality; and the fact has closed with itself。 In this return to itself; the
necessary simply and positively is; as unconditioned actuality。 The necessary is
so; mediated through a circle of circumstances: it is so; because the circumstances
are so; and at the same time it is so; unmediated: it is so; because it is。 



             (a) The Relationship of Substantiality
                                  § 150
The necessary is in itself an absolute correlation of elements; i。e。 the process
developed in the preceding paragraphs); in which the correlation also suspends
itself to absolute identity。 

In its immediate form it is the relationship of Substance and Accident。 The
absolute self…identity of this relationship is Substance as such; which as necessity
gives the negative to this form of inwardness; and thus invests itself with
actuality; but which also gives the negative to this outward thing。 In this
negativity; the actual; as immediate; is only an accidental which through this bare
possibility passes over into another actuality。 This transition is the identity of
substance; regarded as form…activity。 



                                  § 151
                                Substance

Substance is accordingly the totality of the Accidents; revealing itself in them as
their absolute negativity (that is to say; as absolute power) and at the same time
as the wealth of all content。 This content however is nothing but that very
revelation; since the character (being reflected in itself to make content) is only a
passing stage of the form which passes away in the power of substance。
Substantiality is the absolute form…activity and the power of necessity: all content
is but a vanishing element which merely belongs to this position; where there is an
absolute revulsion of form and content into one another。 



                                  § 151n

In the history of philosophy we meet with Substance as the principle of Spinoza's system。 On the
import and value of this much…praised and no…less decried philosophy there has been great
misunderstanding and a deal of talking since the days of Spinoza。 The atheism; and as a further
charge; the pantheism of the system has formed the commonest ground of accusation。 These cries
arise because of Spinoza's conception of God as substance; and substance only。 What we are to
think of this charge follows; in the first instance; from the place which substance takes in the
system of the logical idea。 Though an essential stage in the evolution of the idea; substance is not
the same with absolute idea; but the idea under the still limited form of necessity。 
? 

It is true that God is necessity; or; as we may also put it; that he is the absolute Thing: he is
however no less the absolute Person。 That he is the absolute Person however is a point which the
philosophy of Spinoza never reached: and on that side it falls short of the true notion of God which
forms the content of religious consciousness in Christianity。 Spinoza was by descent a Jew; and it
is upon the whole the Oriental way of seeing things; according to which the nature of the finite
world seems frail and transient; that has found its intellectual expression in his system。 This Oriental
view of the unity of substance certainly gives the basis for all real further development。 Still it is not
the final idea。 It is marked by the absence of the principle of the Western world; the principle of
individuality; which first appeared under a philosophic shape; contemporaneously with Spinoza; in
the Monadology of Leibnitz。 

From this point we glance back to the alleged atheism of Spinoza。 The charge will be seen to be
unfounded if we remember that his system; instead of denying God; rather recognises that he alone
really is。 Nor can it be maintained that the God of Spinoza; although he is described as alone true;
is not the true God; and therefore as good as no God。 If that were a just charge; it would only
prove that all other systems; where speculation has not gone beyond a subordinate stage of the
idea — that the Jews and Mohammedans who know God only as the Lord — and that even the
many Christians for whom God is merely the most high; unknowable; and transcendent being; are
as much atheists as Spinoza。 The so…called atheism of Spinoza is merely an exaggeration of the
fact that he defrauds the principle of difference or finitude of its due。 Hence his system; as it holds
that there is properly speaking no world; at any rate that the world has no positive being; should
rather be styled Acosmism。 These considerations will also show what is to be said of t
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