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the religion of babylonia and assyria-第17部分

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00 B。C。)。 What connection; if any; he may have with Tammuz; the spouse of I?tar; is unknown。 Jastrow apparently regards him as a distinct deity; and translates his name 〃the child of the life of the water…deep。〃

Elali。A deity identified with the Hebrew Helal; the new moon。 Only found in names of the time of the Hammurabi dynasty; in one of which he appears as 〃a creator。〃

En…nugi is described as 〃lord of streams and canals;〃 and 〃lord of the earth; lord of no…return。〃 This last description; which gives the meaning of his name; suggests that he was one of the gods of the realm of Ere?…ki…gal; though he may have borne that name simply as god of streams; which always flow down; never the reverse。

Gibil。One of the names of the god of fire; sometimes transcribed Girru by Assyriologists; the meaning apparently being 〃the fire… bearer〃 or 〃light…bearer。〃 Girru is another name of this deity; and translates an ideographic group; rendered by Delitzsch 〃great〃 or 〃highest decider;〃 suggesting the custom of trial by ordeal。 He was identified with Nirig; in Semitic ênu…rê?tu。

Gu?qi…banda or Kuski…banda; one of the names of êa; probably as god of gold…workers。

I?um; 〃the glorious sacrificer;〃 seemingly a name of the fire…god as a means whereby burnt offerings were made。 N?r…I?um; 〃light of I?um;〃 is found as a man's name。

Kaawanu; the planet Saturn。

Lagamal。A god identified with the Elamite Lagamar; whose name is regarded as existing in Chedorlaomer (cf。 Gen。 xiv。 2)。 He was the chief god of Mair; 〃the ship…city。〃

Lugal…Amarada or Lugal…Marad。This name means 〃king of Marad;〃 a city as yet unidentified。 The king of this place seems to have been Nerigal; of whom; therefore; Lugal…Marad is another name。

Lugal…banda。This name means 〃the powerful king;〃 or something similar; and the god bearing it is supposed to be the same as Nerigal。 His consort; however; was named Nin…sun (or Nin…gul)。

Lugal…Du…azaga; 〃the king of the glorious seat。〃The founder of êridu; 〃the good city within the Abyss;〃 probably the paradise (or a paradise) of the world to come。 As it was the aim of every good Babylonian to dwell hereafter with the god whom he had worshipped upon earth; it may be conjectured that this was the paradise in the domain of êa or Aa。

Mama; Mami。Names of 〃the lady of the gods;〃 and creatress of the seed of mankind; Aruru。 Probably so called as the 〃mother〃 of all things。 Another name of this goddess is Ama; 〃mother。〃


Mammitum; Mamitum; goddess of fate。

Mur; one of the names of Addu or Rammanu (Hadad or Rimmon)。

Nana or Nanaa was the consort of Nebo at Borsippa; but appears as a form of I?tar; worshipped; with Anu her father; at Erech。

Nin…aha…kuku; a name of êa or Aa and of his daughter as deity of the rivers; and therefore of gardens and plantations; which were watered by means of the small canals leading therefrom。 As daughter of êa; this deity was also 〃lady of the incantation。〃

Nin…azu; the consort of Ere?…ki…gal; probably as 〃lord physician。〃 He is probably to be identified with Nerigal。

Nin…igi…nagar…si; a name somewhat more doubtful as to its reading than the others; designates êa or Aa as 〃the god of the carpenter。〃 He seems to have borne this as 〃the great constructor of heaven〃 or 〃of Anu。〃

Nin…mah; chief goddess of the temple ê…mah in Babylon。 Probably to be identified with Aruru; and therefore with Zer…pan?tum。

Nin…?ah; a deity whose name is conjectured to mean 〃lord of the wild boar。〃 He seems to have been a god of war; and was identified with Nirig or ênu…rê?tu and Pap…sukal。

Nin…sirsir; êa as the god of sailors。

Nin…sun; as pointed out by Jastrow; was probably the same as I?tar or Nana of Erech; where she had a shrine; with them; in ê…anna; 〃the house of Anu。〃 He renders her name 〃the annihilating lady;〃'*' 〃appropriate for the consort of a sun…god;〃 for such he regards Lugal… banda her spouse。 King Sin…gasid of Erech (about 3000 B。C。) refers to her as his mother。

'*' This is due to the second element of the name having; with another     pronunciation; the meaning of 〃to destroy。〃

Nun…urra。êa; as the god of potters。

Pap…sukal。A name of Nin…?ah as the 〃divine messenger;〃 who is also described as god 〃of decisions。〃 Nin…?ah would seem to have been one of the names of Pap…sukal rather than the reverse。

Qarradu; 〃strong;〃 〃mighty;〃 〃brave。〃This word; which was formerly translated 〃warrior;〃 is applied to several deities; among them being Bêl; Nergal; Nirig (ênu…rê?tu); and ?ama?; the sun…god。

Ragimu and Ramimu; names of Rimmon or Hadad as 〃the thunderer。〃 The second comes from the same root as Rammanu (Rimmon)。

?uqamunu。A deity regarded as 〃lord of watercourses;〃 probably the artificial channels dug for the irrigation of fields。

Ura…gala; a name of Nerigal。

Ura?; a name of Nirig; under which he was worshipped at Dailem; near Babylon。

Zagaga; dialectic Zamama。This deity; who was a god of war; was identified with Nirig。 One of this titles was /bêl parakki/; 〃lord of the royal chamber;〃 or 〃throne…room。〃

Zaraqu or Zariqu。As the root of this name means 〃to sprinkle;〃 he was probably also a god of irrigation; and may have presided over ceremonial purification。 He is mentioned in names as the 〃giver of seed〃 and 〃giver of a name〃 (i。e。 offspring)。

These are only a small proportion of the names found in the inscriptions; but short as the list necessarily is; the nature; if not the full composition; of the Babylonian pantheon will easily be estimated therefrom。

It will be seen that besides the identifications of the deities of all the local pantheons with each other; each divinity had almost as many names as attributes and titles; hence their exceeding multiplicity。 In such an extensive pantheon; many of the gods composing it necessarily overlap; and identification of each other; to which the faith; in its primitive form; was a stranger; were inevitable。 The tendency to monotheism which this caused will be referred to later on。


                  The gods and the heavenly bodies。

It has already been pointed out that; from the evidence of the Babylonian syllabary; the deities of the Babylonians were not astral in their origin; the only gods certainly originating in heavenly bodies being the sun and the moon。 This leads to the supposition that the Babylonians; bearing these two deities in mind; may have asked themselves why; if these two were represented by heavenly bodies; the others should not be so represented also。 Be this as it may; the other deities of the pantheon were so represented; and the full planetary scheme; as given by a bilingual list in the British Museum; was as follows:

Aku             Sin             the moon        Sin Bi?ebi          ?ama?           the sun         ?ama? Dapinu          Umun…sig…êa     Jupiter         Merodach Zib'*'          Dele…bat        Venus           I?tar Lu…lim          Lu…bat…sag…u?   Saturn          Nirig (acc。 to Jensen) Bibbu           Lubat…gud       Mercury         Nebo Simutu          Mu?tabarru      Mars            Nergal                   m?tanu

All the above names of planets have the prefix of divinity; but in other inscriptions the determinative prefix is that fo
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