the athenian constitution-第13部分

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altes　brought　to　completion　by　overthrowing　the　Areopagite　Council；　under　this　the　nation；　misled　by　the　demagogues；　made　the　most　serious　mistakes　in　the　interest　of　its　maritime　empire。　The　eighth　was　the　establishment　of　the　Four　Hundred；　followed　by　the　ninth；　　the　restored　democracy。　The　tenth　was　the　tyranny　of　the　Thirty　and　the　Ten。　The　eleventh　was　that　which　followed　the　return　from　Phyle　and　Piraeus；　and　this　has　continued　from　that　day　to　this；　with　continual　accretions　of　power　to　the　masses。　The　democracy　has　made　itself　master　of　everything　and　administers　everything　by　its　votes　in　the　Assembly　and　by　the　law…courts；　in　which　it　holds　the　supreme　power。　Even　the　jurisdiction　of　the　Council　has　passed　into　the　hands　of　the　people　at　large；　and　this　appears　to　be　a　judicious　change；　since　small　bodies　are　more　open　to　corruption；　whether　by　actual　money　or　influence；　than　large　ones。　At　first　they　refused　to　allow　payment　for　attendance　at　the　Assembly；　but　the　result　was　　that　people　did　not　attend。　Consequently；　after　the　Prytanes　had　tried　many　devices　in　vain　in　order　to　induce　the　populace　to　come　and　　ratify　the　votes；　Agyrrhius；　in　the　first　instance；　made　a　provision　of　one　obol　a　day；　which　Heracleides　of　Clazomenae；　nicknamed　'the　king'；　increased　to　two　obols；　and　Agyrrhius　again　to　three。

Part　42

　　The　present　state　of　the　constitution　is　as　follows。　The　franchise　is　open　to　all　who　are　of　citizen　birth　by　both　parents。　They　are　enrolled　among　the　demesmen　at　the　age　of　eighteen。　On　the　　occasion　of　their　enrollment　the　demesmen　give　their　votes　on　oath；　first　whether　the　candidates　appear　to　be　of　the　age　prescribed　by　the　law　（if　not；　they　are　dismissed　back　into　the　ranks　of　the　boys）；　and　secondly　whether　the　candidate　is　free　born　and　of　such　parentage　as　the　laws　require。　Then　if　they　decide　that　he　is　not　a　free　man；　he　appeals　to　the　law…courts；　and　the　demesmen　appoint　five　of　their　own　number　to　act　as　accusers；　if　the　court　decides　that　he　has　no　right　to　be　enrolled；　he　is　sold　by　the　state　as　a　slave；　but　if　he　wins　his　case　he　has　a　right　to　be　enrolled　among　the　　demesmen　without　further　question。　After　this　the　Council　examines　those　who　have　been　enrolled；　and　if　it　comes　to　the　conclusion　that　any　of　them　is　less　than　eighteen　years　of　age；　it　fines　the　demesmen　who　enrolled　him。　When　the　youths　（Ephebi）　have　passed　this　examination；　their　fathers　meet　by　their　tribes；　and　appoint　on　oath　three　of　their　fellow　tribesmen；　over　forty　years　of　age；　who；　in　their　opinion；　are　the　best　and　most　suitable　persons　to　have　charge　of　the　youths；　and　of　these　the　Assembly　elects　one　from　each　tribe　as　guardian；　together　with　a　director；　chosen　from　the　general　body　of　Athenians；　to　control　the　while。　Under　the　charge　of　these　persons　the　youths　first　of　all　make　the　circuit　of　the　temples；　then　they　proceed　to　Piraeus；　and　some　of　them　garrison　Munichia　and　some　the　south　shore。　The　Assembly　also　elects　two　trainers；　with　subordinate　instructors；　who　teach　them　to　fight　in　heavy　armour；　to　use　the　bow　and　javelin；　and　to　discharge　a　catapult。　The　guardians　receive　from　the　state　a　drachma　apiece　for　their　keep；　and　the　youths　four　obols　apiece。　Each　guardian　receives　the　allowance　for　all　the　members　of　his　tribe　and　buys　the　necessary　provisions　for　the　common　　stock　（they　mess　together　by　tribes）；　and　generally　superintends　everything。　In　this　way　they　spend　the　first　year。　The　next　year；　after　giving　a　public　display　of　their　military　evolutions；　on　the　occasion　when　the　Assembly　meets　in　the　theatre；　they　receive　a　shield　and　spear　from　the　state；　after　which　they　patrol　the　country　and　spend　their　time　in　the　forts。　For　these　two　years　they　are　on　garrison　duty；　and　wear　the　military　cloak；　and　during　this　time　they　are　　exempt　from　all　taxes。　They　also　can　neither　bring　an　action　at　law；　nor　have　one　brought　against　them；　in　order　that　they　may　have　no　excuse　for　requiring　leave　of　absence；　though　exception　is　made　in　cases　of　actions　concerning　inheritances　and　wards　of　state；　or　of　any　sacrificial　ceremony　connected　with　the　family。　When　the　two　years　have　elapsed　they　thereupon　take　their　position　among　the　other　citizens。　Such　is　the　manner　of　the　enrollment　of　the　　citizens　and　the　training　of　the　youths。

Part　43

　　All　the　magistrates　that　are　concerned　with　the　ordinary　routine　of　administration　are　elected　by　lot；　except　the　Military　Treasurer；　the　Commissioners　of　the　Theoric　fund；　and　the　Superintendent　of　Springs。　These　are　elected　by　vote；　and　hold　office　from　one　Panathenaic　festival　to　the　next。　All　military　officers　are　also　elected　by　vote。　　　The　Council　of　Five　Hundred　is　elected　by　lot；　fifty　from　each　tribe。　Each　tribe　holds　the　office　of　Prytanes　in　turn；　the　order　being　determined　by　lot；　the　first　four　serve　for　thirty…six　days　each；　the　last　six　for　thirty…five；　since　the　reckoning　is　by　lunar　years。　The　Prytanes　for　the　time　being；　in　the　first　place；　mess　together　in　the　Tholus；　and　receive　a　sum　of　money　from　the　state　for　their　maintenance；　and；　secondly；　they　convene　the　　meetings　of　the　Council　and　the　Assembly。　The　Council　they　convene　every　day；　unless　it　is　a　holiday；　the　Assembly　four　times　in　each　prytany。　It　is　also　their　duty　to　draw　up　the　programme　of　the　business　of　the　　Council　and　to　decide　what　subjects　are　to　be　dealt　with　on　each　particular　da；　and　where　the　sitting　is　to　be　held。　They　also　draw　up　the　programme　for　the　meetings　of　the　Assembly。　One　of　these　in　each　prytany　is　called　the　'sovereign'　Assembly；　in　this　the　people　have　to　　ratify　the　continuance　of　the　magistrates　in　office；　if　they　are　　performing　their　duties　properly；　and　to　consider　the　supply　of　corn　and　the　　defence　of　the　country。　On　this　day；　too；　impeachments　are　introduced　by　those　who　wish　to　do　so；　the　lists　of　property　confiscated　by　the　state　are　read；　and　also　applications　for　inheritances　and　wards　of　state；　so　that　nothing　may　pass　unclaimed　without　the　cognizance　of　any　person　concerned。　In　the　sixth　prytany；　in　addition　to　the　business　already　stated；　the　question　is　put　to　the　vote　whether　it　is　desirable　to　hold　a　vote　of　ostracism　or　not；　and　complaints　against　professional　accusers；　whether　Athenian　or　aliens　domiciled　　in　Athens；　are　received；　to　the　number　of　not　more　than　three　of　either　class；　together　with　cases　in　which　an　individual　has　made　some　promise　to　the　people　and　has　not　performed　it。　Another　Assembly　in　each　prytany　is　assigned　to　the　hearing　of　petitions；　and　at　this　meeting　any　one　is　free；　on　depositing　the　petitioner's　　olive…branch；　to　speak　to　the　people　concerning　any　matter；　public　or　private。　The　two　remaining　meetings　are　devoted　to　all　other　subjects；　and　the　laws　require　them　to　deal　with　three　questions　connected　with　religion；　three　connected　with　heralds　and　embassies；　and　three　on　secular　subjects。　Sometimes　questions　are　brought　forward　without　a　preliminary　vote　of　the　Assembly　to　take　them　into　consideration。　　　Heralds　and　envoys　appear　first　before　the　Prytanes；　and　　the　bearers　of　dispatches　also　deliver　them　to　the　same　officials。

Part　44

　　There　is　a　single　President　of　the　Prytanes；　elected　by　lot；　who　pre