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shorter logic-第60部分

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The ground however is not merely simple self…identity; but also different: hence various grounds
may be alleged for the same sum of fact。 。。。 

A content thus objectively and intrinsically determined; and hence self…acting; will hereafter come
before us as the notion: and it is the notion which Leibnitz had in his eye when he spoke of
sufficient ground; and urged the study of things under its point of view。 His remarks were originally
directed against that merely mechanical method of conceiving things so much in vogue even now; a
method which he justly pronounces insufficient。 We may see an instance of this mechanical theory
of investigation when the organic process of the circulation of the blood is traced back merely to
the contraction of the heart 。。。 

It is unfair to Leibnitz to suppose that he was content with anything so poor as this formal law of
the ground。 The method of investigation which he inaugurated is the very reverse of a formalism
which acquiesces in mere grounds; where a full and concrete knowledge is sought。 Considerations
to this effect led Leibnitz to contrast causae efficientes and causae finales; and to insist on the
place of final causes as the conception to which the efficient were to lead up 。 If we adopt this
distinction; light; heat; and moisture would be the causae efficientes; not causa finalis of the
growth of plants; the cause finalis is the notion of the plant itself。 。。。 



                                 Existence
                                  § 122
As it first comes; the chief feature of Essence is show in itself and intermediation
in itself。 But when it has completed the circle of intermediation; its unity with
itself is explicitly put as the self…annulling of difference; and therefore of
intermediation。 Once more then we come back to immediacy or Being … but Being
in so fas as it is intermediated by annulling the intermediation。 And that Being is
Existence。 

The ground is not yet determined by objective principles of its own; nor is it an
end or final cause: hence it is not active; not productive。 An Existence only
proceeds from the ground。 The determinate ground is therefore a formal matter:
that is to say; any point will do; so long as it is expressly put as self…relation; as
affirmation; in correlation with the immediate existence depending on it。 If it be a
ground at all; it is a good ground: for the term 'good' is employed abstractly as
equivalent to affirmative; and any point (or feature) is good which can in any way
be enunciated as confessedly affirmative。 So it happens that a ground can be
found and adduced for everything: and a good ground (for example; a good
motive for action) may effect something or may not; it may have a consequence
or it may not。 It becomes a motive (Strictly so called) and effects something; e。g。
through its reception into a will; there and there only it becomes active and is
made a cause。 



                               (b) Existence
                                  § 123
Existence is the immediate unity of reflection…into…self and reflection…into…other。 It
follows from this that existence is the indefinite multitude of existents as
reflected…into…themselves; which at the same time equally throw light upon one
another … which; in short; are co…relative; and form a world of reciprocal
dependence and of infinite interconnection between grounds and consequents。
The grounds are themselves existences: and the existents in like manner are in
many directions grounds as well as consequents。 

                                  § 123n
The phrase 'Existence' (derived from existere) suggests the fact of having proceeded from
something。 Existence is Being which has proceeded from the ground; and has reinstated by
annulling its intermediation。 The Essence; as Being set aside and absorbed; originally came are
identity; difference and ground。 The last is the unity of identity and difference; and because it
unifies them it has at the same time to distinguish itself from itself。 But that which is in this way
distinguished from the ground is as little mere difference as the ground itself is abstract sameness。
The ground works its own suspension: and when suspended; the result of its negation is existence。
Having issued from the ground; existence contains the ground in it; the ground does not remain; as
it were; behind existence; but by its very nature supersedes itself and translates itself into existence。

This is exemplified even in our ordinary mode of thinking when we look upon the ground of a
thing; not as something abstractly inward; but as itself also an existent。 For example; the
lightning…flash which has set a house on fire would be considered the ground of the conflagration;
or the manners of a nation and the conditions of its life would be regarded as the ground of its
constitution。 Such indeed is the ordinary aspect in which the existence world originally appears to
reflection … 。an indefinite crowd of things existent; which being simultaneously reflected on
themselves and on one another are related reciprocally as ground and consequence。 In this motley
play of the world; if we may so call the sum of existents; there is nowhere a firm footing to be
found: everything bears an aspect of relativity; conditioned by and conditioning something else。
The reflective understanding makes it its business to elicit and trace these connections running out
in every direction: but the question touching an ultimate design is so far left unanswered; and
therefore the craving of the reason after knowledge passes with the further development of the
logical Idea beyond this position of mere relativity。 



                              Thing…in…itself
                                  § 124

The reflection…on…another of the existent is however inseparable from
reflection…into…self: the ground is their unity; from which existence has issued。
The existent therefore includes relativity; and has on its own part its multiple
interconnections with other existents: it is reflected on itself as its ground。 The
existent is; when so described; a Thing。 

The 'thing…in…itself' (or thing in the abstract); so famous in the philosophy of
Kant; shows itself here in its genesis。 It is seen to be the abstract
reflection…on…self; which is so clung to; to the exclusion of
reflection…into…other…things and of all predication of difference。 

The thing…in…itself therefore is the empty substratum for these predicates of
relation。 

                                  § 124n

If to know means to comprehend an object in its concrete character; then the thing…in…itself; which
is nothing but the quite abstract and indeterminate thing in general; must certainly be as
unknowable as it is alleged to be。 With as much reason however as we speak of the thing…in…itself;
we might speak of quality…by…itself or quantity…by…itself; and of any other category。 The expression
would then serve to signify that these categories are taken in their abstract immediacy; apart from
their development and inward character。 It is no better than a whim of the understanding;
therefore; if we attach the qualificatory 
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