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shorter logic-第61部分

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their development and inward character。 It is no better than a whim of the understanding;
therefore; if we attach the qualificatory 'in…itself'' to the thing only。 But this 'in…itself' is also applied
to the facts of the mental as well as the natural world: as we speak of electricity or of a plant in
itself; so we speak of man or the state in…itself。 

By this 'in…itself' in these objects; we are meant to understand what they strictly and properly are。
This usage is liable to the same criticism as the phrase 'thing…in…itself'。 For if we stick to the mere
'in…itself' of an object; we apprehend it not in its truth; but in the inadequate form of mere
abstraction。 Thus the man; in himself; is the child。 And what the child has to do is to rise out of this
abstract and undeveloped 'in…himself' and become 'for himself' what he is at first only 'in…himself' …
a free and reasonable being。 Similarly; the state…in…itself is the yet immature and patriarchal state;
where the various political functions; latent in the notion of the state; have not received the full
logical constitution which the logic of political principles demands。 

In the same sense; the germ may be called the plant…in…itself。 These examples may show the
mistake of supposing that the 'thing…in…itself' of things is something inaccessible to our cognition。 All
things are originally in…themselves; but that is not the end of the matter。 As the germ; being the
plant…in…itself; means self…development; so the thing in general passes beyond its in…itself (the
abstract reflection on self) to manifest itself further as a reflection on other things。 It is this sense
that it has properties。 



                               (c) The Thing
                                  § 125
                                Properties
'a' The Thing is the totality…the development in explicit unity of the categories of
the ground and of existence。 On the side of one of its factors; viz。
reflection…on…other…things; it has in it the differences; in virtue of which it is a
characterised and concrete thing。 These characteristics are different from one
another; they have their reflection…into…self not on their own part; but on the part
of the thing。 They are Properties of the thing: and their relation to the thing is
expressed by the word 'have'。 

As a term of relation; 'to have' takes the place of 'to be'。 True; somewhat has
qualities on its part too: but this transference of 'having' into the sphere of Being
is inexact; because the character as quality is directly one with the somewhat; and
the somewhat ceases to be when it loses its quality。 But the thing is
reflection…into…self: for it is an identity which is also distinct from the difference;
i。e。 from its attributes。 In many languages 'have' is employed to denote past time。
And with reason: for the past is absorbed; or suspended being; and the mind is its
reflection…into…self; in the mind only it continues to subsist…the mind; however;
distinguishing from itself this being in it which has been absorbed or suspended。 

                                  § 125n

In the Thing all the characteristics of reflection recur as existent。 Thus the thing; in its initial aspect;
as the thing…by…itself; is the selfsame or identical。 But identity; it was proved; is not found without
difference: so the properties; which the thing has; are the existent difference in the form of
diversity。 In the case of diversity of variety each diverse member exhibited an indifference to every
other; and they had no other relation to each other; save what was given by a comparison external
to them。 But now in the thing we have a bond which keeps the various properties in union。
Property; besides; should not be confused with quality。 No doubt; we also say; a thing has
qualities。 But the phraseology is a misplaced one: 'having' hints at an independence; foreign to the
'somewhat'; which is still directly identical with its quality。 Somewhat is what it is only by its quality:
whereas; though the thing indeed exists only as it has its properties; it is not confined to this or that
definite property; and can therefore lose it; without ceasing to be what it is。 



                                  § 126
                                  Matters

'b' Even in the ground; however; the reflection…on…something…else is directly
convertible with reflection…on…self。 And hence the properties are not merely
different from each other; they are also self…identical; independent; and relieved
from their attachment to the thing。 Still; as they are the characters of the thing
distinguished from one another (as reflected…into…self); they are not themselves
things; if things be concrete; but only existences reflected into themselves as
abstract characters。 They are what are called Matters。 

Nor is the name 'things' given to Matters; such as magnetic and electric matters。
They are qualities proper; a reflected Being…One with their Being…they are the
character that has reached immediacy; existence: they are 'entities'。 

                                  § 126n

To elevate the properties; which the Thing has; to the independent position of matters; or materials
of which it consists; is a proceeding based upon the notion of a Thing: and for that reason is also
found in experience。 Thought and experience however alike protest against concluding from the
fact that certain properties of a thing; such as colour; or smell; may be represented as particular
colouring or odorific matters; that we are then at the end of the inquiry; and that nothing more is
needed to penetrate to the true secret of things than a disintegration of them into their component
materials。 This disintegration into independent matters is properly restricted to inorganic nature
only。 The chemist is in the right; therefore; when; for example; he analyses common salt or gypsum
into its elements; and finds that the former consists of muriatic acid and soda; the latter of sulphuric
acid and calcium。 So too the geologist does well to regard granite as a compound of quartz;
felspar; and mica。 These matters; again; of which the thing consists; are themselves partly things;
which in that way may be once more reduced to more abstract matters。 Sulphuric acid; for
example; is a compound of sulphur and oxygen。 Such matters or bodies can as a matter of fact be
exhibited as subsisting by themselves: but frequently we find other properties of things; entirely
wanting this self…subsistence; also regarded as particular matters。 Thus we hear caloric; and
electrical or magnetic matters spoken of。 Such matters are at the best figments of understanding。
And we see here the usual procedure of the abstract reflection of understanding。 Capriciously
adopting single categories; whose value entirely depends on their place in the gradual evolution of
the logical idea; it employs them in the pretended interests of explanation; but in the face of plain;
unprejudiced perception and experience; so as to trace back to them every object investigated。
Nor is this all。 The theory; which makes things consist of independent matters; is frequently applied
in a region where it has
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