嗔秤戻幣�哉膵�云利匈嬉蝕湊蛸賜�塋床四衲���萩晦編報炎嘔囚^泡仟 ̄云利匈��
訊伽慕垂 卦指云慕朕村 紗秘慕禰 厘議慕尺 厘議慕禰 TXT畠云和墮 〆辺茄欺厘議箝誓匂〇

the soul of the far east(垓叫議痩至)-及17何蛍

酔楯荷恬: 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈 梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何! 泌惚云慕短嗤堋響頼���誅卒亮茂�俊彭堋響��辛聞喘貧圭 "辺茄欺厘議箝誓匂" 孔嬬 才 "紗秘慕禰" 孔嬬��



to be of relative application only。          For we should discover that speech is a 

much      less  categorical     matter    than   we   had    been   led   to  suppose。      We 

should actually come to doubt the fundamental necessity of some of our 

most   sacred   grammatical   constructions�察  �and   even   our   reverenced   Latin 

grammars would lose that air of awful absoluteness which so impressed us 

in boyhood。 

     An   encouraging   estimate   of   a   certain   missionary  puts   the   amount   of 

study   needed      by   the   Western     student    for  the   learning    of  Japanese     as 

sufficient�察�if expended nearer home�察�to equip him with any three modern 

European       languages。       It   is  certainly    true   that   a  completely       strange 

vocabulary�察  �an   utter   inversion   of   grammar�察  �and   an   elaborate   system   of 

honorifics   combine   to   render   its   acquisition   anything   but   easy。          In   its 

fundamental principles�察�however�察�it is alluringly simple。 

     In   the   first  place�察  �the  Japanese     language     is  pleasingly   destitute     of 

personal   pronouns。        Not only  is   the  obnoxious ;I;   conspicuous only  by 

its    absence�察    �the    objectionable       antagonistic      ;you;     is  also    entirely 

suppressed�察      �while   the   intrusive    ;he;   is  evidently   too    much     of  a  third 

person   to be   wanted。       Such invidious   distinctions   of identity  apparently 

never   thrust   their   presence   upon   the   simple   early Tartar   minds。        I�察  �you�察�

and he�察�not being differences due to nature�察�demanded�察�to their thinking�察�

no recognition of man。 

     There is about this vagueness of expression a freedom not without its 

charm。      It is certainly delightful to be able to speak of yourself as if you 

were somebody else�察�choosing mentally for the occasion any one you may 

happen   to   fancy�察 �or�察 �it   you   prefer�察 �the possibility  of   soaring   boldly  forth 

into the realms of the unconditioned。 

     To   us�察  �at   first   sight�察  �however�察  �such   a   lack   of   specification   appears 

wofully      incompatible      with    any   intelligible   transmission      of   ideas。   So 

communistic a want of discrimination between the meum and the tuumto 

say nothing of the claims of a possible third partywould seem to be as 



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fatal    to  the   interchange      of   thoughts     as   it  proves    destructive     to   the 

trafficking in commodities。           Such�察�nevertheless�察�is not the result。            On the 

contrary�察�Japanese is as easy and as certain of comprehension as is English。 

On ninety occasions out of a hundred�察�the context at once makes clear the 

person meant。 

     In the very few really ambiguous cases�察�or those in which�察�for the sake 

of   emphasis�察  �a   pronoun   is   wanted�察  �certain   consecrated   expressions   are 

introduced       for  the   purpose。     For    eventually     the   more    complex      social 

relations     of   increasing      civilization     compelled       some     sort   of   distant 

recognition。       Accordingly�察      �compromises        with   objectionable      personality 

were      effected    by    circumlocutions        promoted       to   a  pronoun's      office�察�

becoming   thus   pro´pronouns�察  �as   it   were。 Very  noncommittal   expressions 

they   are�察  �most   of   them�察  �such   as�此   �the   augustness�察─  �meaning   you�察   �that 

honorable   side�察─  �or   ;that   corner�察─  �denoting   some   third   person�察  �the   exact 

term employed in any given instance scrupulously betokening the relative 

respect in which the individual spoken of is held�察�while with a candor�察�an 

indefiniteness�察�or a humility worthy so polite a people�察�the I is known as 

;selfishness�察─�or ;a certain person�察─�or ;the clumsy one。; 

     Pronominal adjectives are manufactured in the same way。 ;The stupid 

father�察─   �the   awkward   son�察─   �the   broken´down   firm�察─  �are   ;mine。;   Were 

they ;yours�察─�they would instantly become ;the august�察�venerable father�察─�

;the honorable son�察─ �the exalted firm。; ��1�А�

     Even these lame substitutes for pronouns are paraded as sparingly as 

possible。      To    the  Western     student�察   �who    brings    to  the   subject    a  brain 

throbbing   with   personality�察  �hunting   in   a   Japanese   sentence   for   personal 

references   is   dishearteningly   like   ;searching   in   the   dark   for   a   black   hat 

which   is   n't   there�察─  �for   the   brevet   pronouns   are   commonly   not   on   duty。 

To    employ      them    with    the   reckless    prodigality     that   characterizes     our 

conversation would strike the Tartar mind like interspersing his talk with 

unmeaning italics。         He would regard such discourse much as we do those 

effusive epistles of   a   certain type   of   young   woman to her   most intimate 

girl friends�察�in which every other word is emphatically underlined。 

     For   the   most   part�察  �the   absolutely   necessary   personal   references   are 

introduced by honorifics�察�that is�察�by honorary or humble expressions。 Such 



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                                    The Soul of the Far East 



is a portion of the latter's duty。        They do a great deal of unnecessary work 

besides。 

     These   honorifics   are�察  �taken   as   a   whole�察  �one   of   the   most   interesting 

peculiarities of Japanese�察�as also of Korean�察�just as�察�taken in detail�察�they 

are    one   of  its  most    dangerous      pitfalls。   For    silence   is  indeed    golden 

compared   with   the   chagrin   of   discovering   that   a   speech   which   you   had 

meant for a compliment was�察�in fact�察�an insult�察�or the vexation of learning 

that you have been industriously treating your servant with the deference 

due a superior��two catastrophes sure to follow the attempts of even the 

most   cautious   of   beginners。 The   language   is   so   thoroughly  imbued   with 

the honorific spirit that the exposure of truth in all its naked simplicity is 

highly improper。 Every idea requires to be more or less clothed in courtesy 

before   it   is   presentable�察  �and   the   garb   demanded   by  etiquette   is   complex 

beyond conception。          To begin with�察�there are certain preliminary particles 

which      are  simply     honorific�察   �serving    no   other   purpose     whatsoever。      In 

addition to these there are for every action a small infinity of verbs�察�each 

sacred to a different degree of respect。            For instance�察�to our verb ;to give; 

corresponds a complete social scale of Japanese verbs�察�each conveying the 

idea   a   shade   more   politely   than   its   predecessor�察  �only   the   very   lowest 
卦指朕村 貧匯匈 和匯匈 指欺競何 壘��3�� 家��3��
酔楯荷恬: 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈 梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何!
梁椣戻幣�� 梁心弌傍議揖扮窟燕得胎��傍竃徭失議心隈才凪万弌誌育断蛍�輌臆惨軼僑〃�燕慕得珊辛參資誼持蛍才将刮襲潜��範寔亟圻幹慕得 瓜寡追葎娼得辛參資誼寄楚署衛、持蛍才将刮襲潜填��